Feasibility study for creating a furniture business Essay

This practicality study is uncommon and hard to make,,,,,we need to submit it on Tuesday,,,,,, we have to have our decision and discover data for it,,,,,,,,, 1.history 2.business destinations 3.current circumstance and problems, Furniture is the mass thing for the versatile articles expected to help different human exercises, for example, seating and resting. Furniture is additionally used to hold objects at an advantageous stature for function (as level surfaces over the ground), or to store things. Furniture can be a result of plan and is viewed as a type of enlivening craftsmanship. Notwithstanding furniture’s practical job, it can fill a representative or strict need. It tends to be produced using numerous materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made utilizing an assortment of carpentry joints which frequently mirror the nearby culture. Substance [hide] 1 History 1.1 Neolithic period 1.2 Classical world 1.3 Early present day Europe 1.4 nineteenth century 1.5 Early North American 1.6 Modernism 1.7 Ecodesign 1.8 Contemporary 1.9 Asian history 2 Types of furniture 3 Types of wood to make furniture 4 Standards for plan, usefulness and security 5 See moreover 6 References 7 External connections History[edit] Furniture has been a piece of the human experience since the improvement of non-itinerant societies. Proof of furniture makes due from the Neolithic Period and later in ancient times as artistic creations, for example, the wall Murals found at Pompeii; model, and models have been unearthed in Egypt and found in burial chambers in Ghiordes, in advanced Turkey. Neolithic period[edit] Skara Brae house Orkney Scotland proof of home decorations for example a dresser containing racks. A scope of one of a kind stone furniture has been unearthed in Skara Brae, a Neolithic town situated in Orkney. The site dates from 3100â€2500 BC and because of a deficiency of wood in Orkney, the individuals of Skara Brae had to work with stone, a promptly accessible material that could be worked effectively and transformed into things for use inside the family unit. Each house shows a serious extent of advancement and was outfitted with a broad arrangement of stone furnishings, going from organizers, dressers and beds to racks, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was viewed as the most significant as it emblematically faces the passage in each house and is thusly the primary thing seen when entering, maybe showing representative articles, including improving work of art, for example, a few Neolithic Carved Stone Balls additionally found at the site. Traditional world[edit] Antiquated furniture has been exhumed from the eighth century BC Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces discovered here incorporate tables and trimmed serving stands. There are likewise enduring works from the ninth eighth century BC Assyrian royal residence of Nimrud. The most punctual enduring rug, the Pazyryk Carpet was found in a solidified burial place in Siberia and has been dated between the sixth and third century BC. Recouped Ancient Egyptian furniture incorporates third thousand years BC beds found at Tarkhan as spot for the perished, a c. 2550 BC overlaid bed and two seats from the burial place of Queen Hetepheres I, and numerous models (boxes, beds, seats) from c. 1550 to 1200 BC from Thebes. Old Greek furniture configuration starting in the second thousand years BC, including beds and the klismos seat, is safeguarded by surviving works, yet by pictures on Greek jars. The 1738 and 1748 unearthings of Herculaneum and Pompeii uncovered Roman furnishin gs, protected in the remains of the 79 A.D. ejection of Vesuvius, to the eighteenth century. Early present day Europe[edit] Florentine cassone from the fifteenth century The furniture of the Middle Ages was generally overwhelming, oak, and ornamented with cut structures. Alongside different expressions, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century denoted a resurrection in configuration, regularly motivated by the Greco-Roman convention. A comparative blast of plan, and renaissance of culture as a rule, happened in Northern Europe, beginning in the fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was described by rich, regularly overlaid Baroque structures that much of the time joined a bounty of vegetal and looking over decoration. Beginning in the eighteenth century, furniture structures started to grow all the more quickly. In spite of the fact that there were a few styles that had a place basically with one country, for example, Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furnishings, others, for example, the Rococo and Neoclassicism were sustained all through Western Europe. ninetee nth century[edit] The furniture producer by Ludwig Deutsch The nineteenth century is generally characterized by simultaneous recovery styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, Rococo, and the EastHaven Movement. The plan changes of the late century presented the Esthetic development and the Arts and Crafts development. Craftsmanship Nouveau was impacted by both of these developments. Early North American[edit] This structure was from multiple points of view established in need and underscores both structure and materials. Early American seats and tables are regularly built with turned axles and seat backs frequently developed with steaming to twist the wood. Wood decisions will in general be deciduous hardwoods with a specific accentuation on the wood of eatable or organic product bearing trees, for example, Cherry or Walnut. Modernism[edit] Red and Blue Chair (1917), structured by Gerrit Rietveld The initial seventy five percent of the twentieth century are regularly observed as the walk towards Modernism. Workmanship Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Wiener Werkstã ¤tte, and Vienna Secession fashioners all attempted somewhat inside the Modernist colloquialism. Conceived from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the post WWII â€Å"Mid-Century Modern† style utilizing materials created during the war including lamenated pressed wood, plastics and fiberglass. Prime models includeâ furniture planned by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish current creators including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern plan, meeting the Pop craftsmanship development, picked up steam during the 1960s and 70s, advanced during the 80s by gatherings, for example, the Italy-based Memphis development. Transitional furniture is proposed to fill a spot among Traditional and Moder n tastes. Tempered Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood †Brazil Ecodesign Ecodesign[edit] Incredible endeavors from people, governments, and organizations has prompted the assembling of items with higher maintainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture depends on ecologically agreeable plan. Its utilization and prominence are expanding every year.[citation needed] Contemporary[edit] One special outgrowth of post-present day furniture configuration is Live edge, proclaiming an arrival to normal shapes and surfaces inside the home.[1] Asian history[edit] Sendai-dansu for kimono, zelkova wood, note the detailed ironwork, handles on side for transportation, and lockable compartment Asian furniture has a very particular history. The customs out of India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are the absolute most popular, yet places, for example, Korea, Mongolia, and the nations of South East Asia have interesting aspects of their own. The utilization of uncarved wood and bamboo and the utilization of overwhelming finishes are notable Chinese styles. It is important that Chinese furniture differs significantly starting with one line then onto the next. Conventional Japanese furniture is notable for its moderate style, broad utilization of wood, top notch craftsmanship and dependence on wood grain as opposed to painting or thick polish. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for expound brightening iron work, and are the absolute generally looked for after of Japanese collectibles. The collectibles accessible by and large go back to the Tokugawa period and Meiji time. Kinds of furniture[edit] Fundamental article: List of furniture types Kinds of wood to make furniture[edit] Fundamental article: List of woods All extraordinary sort of woods have one of a kind mark denotes, that can help in simple recognizable proof of the sort. There are hardwoods and softwoods. Both are utilized in furniture producing, and each have their own particular uses[2] Standards for plan, usefulness and safety[edit] Widespread furniture test-rig for linaer tests, drop tests and turn tests (Hegewald and Peschke) EN 527 Office furniture †Work tables and desks EN 581 Outdoor furniture †Seating and tables for outdoors, local and agreement use EN 1730 Furniture †Tables †Test strategies for the assurance of dependability, quality and durability†pulled back and supplanted by BS EN 1730:2012. All testing strategies utilized in European Standards are currently to be found in a solitary archive [3] EN 13150 Workbenches for research facilities †Safety necessities and test techniques BS 4875 Furniture. Quality and dependability of furniture. Strategies for assurance of solidness of non-residential capacity furniture (British Standard) EN 1335 Office furniture †Office work seat EN 1728 Furniture †Seating †Test strategies for the assurance of solidarity and durability†refreshed in 2012: All testing techniques utilized in European Standards are currently to be found in a solitary record, Clarified and streamlined test techniques, Incorporates a static burden test for headrests. ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating EN 1335 Office furniture †Office work seat Noise 4551 Office furniture; spinning office seat with flexible back with or without arm rests, customizable in tallness NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands EN 747 Furniture †Bunk beds and high beds †Test strategies for the assurance of steadiness, quality and strength GB 28007-2011 Children’s furniture †General specialized necessities for children’s furniture designedâ and fabricated for youngsters somewhere in the range of 3 and 14 years old[4]

Women in the Workplace essays

Ladies in the Workplace articles Ladies in the Workplace The development of a urban, industrialized society influenced the lives of American ladies in the late nineteenth century. Ladies during this time were starting to see that in addition to the fact that they belonged in the home, however they could likewise discover a job in the work environment. Men, then again, kept up their job in the activity showcase. In any case, the employments of the two people in the nineteenth become increasingly more had practical experience in their tendency. Ladies during the 1800s were looking for occupations that had regularly been finished by men. These employments included office work and production line work. As ladies looking for work found, the employments they needed to get were not there. Men, or other ladies who had begun the pursuit before had just filled these occupations. Be that as it may, with the redesign of modern culture, an ever increasing number of occupations would start to open up. Adams 2 The expanding number of employments implied there was more specialization in the working environment. Alongside the specialization of industry came improved innovation. This would end up being an incredible method to land ladies into positions. Innovation, for instance, prompted the creation of the typewriter. During the 1880s, likewise, the work of ladies in workplaces start to climb sharply.... This fortuitous event has driven a few experts to infer that the development of the typewriter was fundamentally liable for the work of ladies in workplaces in the United States (p68). The creation of the typewriter prompted superb employments for ladies in the nineteenth century. Ladies could now hold administrative occupations. These administrative occupations included situations as transcribers and typists. For ladies, these were dream occupations. Presently, ladies would not need to work in industrial facilities under incredibly unforgiving conditions. Administrative work was commonly observed as more allu ring than mechanical work, and this prodded ladies of average workers roots to look for administrative employments (p71). In taking administrative positions, ladies would work less hour... <!

Learning English On-line Essay Example for Free

Learning English On-line Essay Presentation In nowadays of quick evolving innovation, nearly everything is being influenced and changed by technology’s hardware †including the universe of academe. Since nearly everything currently is in the internet, a great many people seek the web for data, business, examine, and so on. In this manner, it is no big surprise that even the scholarly world is streaming along this pattern and is utilizing the web as intends to upgrade learning. As much as the facts demonstrate that enormous and extensive assistance is found in the Net, with regards to the issue of genuine and progressively productive examination, customary tutoring is as yet worthwhile. Despite the fact that some among the scholarly world have thrown their decisions in favor of on-line learning, this paper endeavors to give the contrary view. This is a contention against on-line learning. Hindrances of E-Classes A few things are propounded by the individuals who censure e-realizing which merit the consideration of the individuals who are on the ace side. 1.) No customized up close and personal correspondence with instructors. Since there is no genuine association with educators as inside the real homeroom, pundits contend that e-learning, all the while, loses its being â€Å"educational† in the most genuine feeling of training, or as indicated by its way of thinking . Not just that the understudies in e-class denied of instructor understudy cooperation, they are likewise inadequate with regards to class crowd which is critical in the improvement of certainty, as far as figuring out how to manage â€Å"real listeners.† 2.) Isolation. Another detriment confronting an e-understudy is the inclination of separation that frequently and ordinarily follows in an e-class situation. In spite of the fact that this is successfully replied by those supporting e-learning, still, it should be considered as this has been the genuine case in this set up/plan. 3.) No gathering learning exercises. Gathering learning exercises are exceptionally productive instrument for study which animate and yield a great deal of thoughts. Not having the option to join such gathering conversations is without a doubt a shortcoming of e-learning. Understudies need the assortment of methods of realizing which a school/grounds generally can give. End Learning English as a subsequent language isn't effectively learned in an e-class situation. The three focuses I have refered to over that contend against e-learning are essential ones. Anything that is utilized or indicated animate learning in any instructive set up ought to have the quality or environment that may move and in this way improve learning. Anything which doesn't ensure the obtaining of comprehensive information isn't instruction in its most genuine sense. Works Cited 1. Dwindles, Richard S. In www.acm.org/omnipresence/sees/c_shoniregun_3. Gotten to April 28, 2007.

The Roots of Religious and Social Opposition between Catholicism and Pentecostalism

The topic of restriction between religions is fairly disputable on the grounds that religions depend on the arrangement of convictions which are related with the human otherworldliness, yet not with any methods of reasoning and endeavors to accomplish the distinct objective. Actually, religions in their relationship with so much foundations as houses of worship have a larger number of similitudes with the market brands than with the parts of the people’s spirituality.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Roots of Religious and Social Opposition among Catholicism and Pentecostalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, present day holy places contend inside the market of the people’s convictions, and this announcement isn't an illustration on the grounds that the triumph in the opposition ensures the advancement of the congregation in the strict circle as well as in the social and monetary fields. Today, places of w orship are firmly associated with the social parts of the people’s life inside networks. Therefore, it is conceivable to talk about ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ of the strict rivalry. This thought is talked about in detail in the book The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy composed by Finke and Stark. As per the creators, conventional religions or mainline groups lost their positions when upstart factions created in the field as ‘winners’ (Finke Stark, 2005). In spite of the fact that Catholicism is one of the biggest and most mainstream religions in the USA, it is losing its position in light of traditionalist beliefs and standards which can't be loose quickly with the assistance of unmistakable changes; in actuality, Pentecostalism creates and draws in more devotees on account of the direction to the people’s interests. Regardless of the notoriety with people in general and an extraordinary nu mber of adherents, Catholicism in the USA can be alluded as the ‘loser’ in the competition of religions and holy places which become â€Å"competitive associations arranged to look for souls† (Finke Stark, 2005, p. 75). Catholicism can be talked about to be successful as the customary religion arranged to assist individuals with sparing their spirits. Thus, the standards and systems of Catholicism are insufficient to contend inside the congregation advertise. In their work, Finke and Stark clarify the reasons for the decrease of those religions which were well known during an extensive stretch of time as, for example, Catholicism which was the main religion spread by the Europeans at the American regions. The creators express that the mainline categories â€Å"were neglecting to offer solid religion †¦ they had gotten so suited to the mainstream culture that individuals could no longer fulfill their requirement for the consecrated by going to services† (Finke Stark, 2005, p. 245). From one perspective, Catholicism stays to be perhaps the biggest religion in the nation, and it is a disputable point to talk about its decline.Advertising Looking for exposition on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the Catholic Church in the USA experiences a great deal of changes and changes related with the necessities to react to the social changes or people’s vision according to the religion’s work. Today, Catholicism isn't steady, and numerous new flows show up alongside the noteworthy absorption of the congregation inside the general public. It is conceivable to talk about these variables as adding to the religion’s progress, however Catholicism in its unadulterated structure is declining. Catholicism depends on the exacting created tenet, and much consideration is paid to the church’s association. The principl e center is around security and convention. Finke and Stark express that these highlights are trademark for the mainline groups, and the focus on these perspectives is the initial move toward the decrease since present-day enthusiastic orders have more opportunities to get famous with general society. The issue is in the way that numerous factions are in danger of declining when they become the mainline places of worship (Finke Stark, 2005). The Catholic Church works the convictions and standards which are shared by the critical piece of the American populace since it centers around the human nobility and good standards which are esteemed inside society. By and by, Catholicism is portrayed by the positive highlights which are talked about by the general population as excessively moderate. During an extensive stretch of time, the administrations in the Catholic Church were carefully sorted out and directed, and priests’ addresses were acted in Latin. These angles were changed later so as to meet the interests of the strict networks. Be that as it may, there are a great deal of viewpoints related with the strict and good standards which are fairly hard to follow in the advanced society. For example, Catholics are against premature birth, willful extermination, and capital punishment which are bolstered in the cutting edge American culture by many individuals (Ahlstrom, 2004). Concentrating on the standards of the human nobility, moral reasonableness, and family life, Catholics might be tested by the real factors of the American culture. Today, numerous individuals join the positive religion so as to get the help. Starting here, Catholicism gives a greater number of constraints than help (Corbett Hemeyer, 1997). Subsequently, individuals are slanted to pick the cutting edge groups as indicated by their inclinations and standards. The Catholic Church doesn't give the powerful ‘promotion’ to the association and religion when all is said in done. In this manner, individuals decide to follow the strict developments which hierarchical standards are associated with the guidelines run of the mill for the market or which are all the more near the parts of the social life.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Roots of Religious and Social Opposition among Catholicism and Pentecostalism explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following significant factor is the ‘market value’ of the congregation. As indicated by Finke and Stark, â€Å"the high participation expenses and clear gathering limits produce these aggregate products by model and exclusion† (Finke Stark, 2005, p. 250). Individuals need to feel the avoidance of their congregation and network. Following the market designs, the efficiency of the administrations, including the strict administrations, can incite inquiries regarding their unwavering quality. Pentecostalism in the USA is the strict development which cre ated from the faction, and it very well may be talked about today as one of the ‘winners’ in the strict market. Pentecostalism contrasts from Catholicism not just in the parts of the strict vision on the grounds that the supporters of Pentecostalism accentuate the job of the Holy Spirit yet in addition in the methodologies of sorting out the public’s gatherings. As indicated by Hemeyer, â€Å"the experience of profoundly enthusiastic love and strict joy is the establishment of Pentecostalism† (Hemeyer, 2010, p. 198). The supporters of Pentecostalism are not reluctant to show their feelings in light of the fact that their religion is the best approach to comprehend their job in this life and society. Pentecostals accept that their activities are guided by the God with references to the Holy Spirit. Starting here, it is essential to hear oneself out and follow the inward expectations. The strict vision is concentrated through understanding, however not throu gh much thought. Concentrating on these couple of subtleties, it is conceivable to express that Pentecostalism can be more successful in the cutting edge society than Catholicism due to the association with the people’s contemporary ways to deal with arranging their life. Along these lines, it is conceivable to decide two primary elements which can clarify the decrease of the mainline groups and prevalence of the new houses of worship not during a long notable period, yet today. Current individuals are utilized to think as per the market and business classifications, and their life is more unique than it was before. From this viewpoint, today isn't sufficient to announce strict standards and decipher the Bible so as to treat the spirit. Today is progressively viable to express the estimation of the religion with references to the enrollment costs. In addition, the Bible ought to be deciphered comparable to the public’s interests since joining the clear church, individu als look for accomplishing the specific reason. In present day temples, God just as ministers is nearer to adherents (Hemeyer, 2010). The principle conviction shared by Pentecostals is that the Holy Spirit can get in touch with them even genuinely and give the distinct information. God is near adherents and can be felt with references to encounter gave. That is the reason, activity is vital during the love. Hemeyer states that â€Å"Pentecostal revere is passionate and enthusiastic† and it depends on the vivacious activity which is related with understanding (Hemeyer, 2010, p. 204).Advertising Searching for paper on religion religious philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Pentecostals feel that they have a place with the network which is legitimately governed by God. The decision of Pentecostalism as the religion to follow depends on the choice of a devotee to follow God’s will and share the information gave by the Holy Spirit. Grown-up immersion underpins the possibility of the cognizant decision. The upstart factions turned into the main strict developments in the USA since they interface the possibility of advancement with otherworldliness. Regardless of the reality Finke and Stark’s contention is fairly dubious and provocative, it is related with the cutting edge social inclinations. The quantity of individuals who join the congregation in the USA expands every year. Is this the motivation to talk about the development of the public’s otherworldliness? It is conceivable

Hotel management :: essays research papers

Inn the board Task One Table Of Contents Introduction HRM Defines Traditional Approach Contemporary way to deal with HR Change Management Murrindindi Shire Council Experience Back Ground Human Resource Roles Organizational HRM Conclusion Introduction Human Resource the executives (HRM) has been viewed as either having a conventional or contemporary methodology. This paper will characterize the two methodologies. The HR aproach attempted by the Murrindindi Shire Council (MSC) which was my association as long as a quarter of a year prior will be evaluated in this setting just as recognizable expenses or openings that exist. HRM Defined Human Resource Management is the administration of an associations staff/work force to address the issues and accomplish the reason for the business in a productive and successful way. HRM is characterized by Kramer McGraw Shulder (1997,p.10) as having three reasons for existing being „h To improve efficiency „h To guarantee nature of worklife and „h To guarantee legitimate consistence It has been seen specifically that associations will in general be excellent at the lawful consistence as it is enacted as it has some genuine results if not clung to. What is commonly neglected is the monetary ramifications of speck focuses one and two. Successful human administration can add to item yield as well as item quality. HRM chiefs are working at three particular levels as clarified by Kramer McGraw Shulder (1997,p.30) key, administrative and operational - Operational levels (present moment) can be scattered down to bring down level administration or group pioneers as they include straight forward and conventional degrees of HR - Staff Recruitment - Monitoring Systems - Wages, benefits bundles - Annual examination frameworks - Training and so on - Managerial Level (present moment) This level and following will in general be the degrees of vital significance to the organisation - Recruitment promoting plans - Long term remuneration plan s - Validation frameworks - Management improvement programs - Strategic (long haul) - to increase upper hand - connect capacities to organisational techniques Strategy as a procedure is characterized by (Shaun Tyson 1997 p. 278) is  ¡Ã¢ ¥a instrument for accomplishing an ideal objective⠡â ¦. It would then be able to be said that the Human Resource Strategy should be lined up with the associations  ¡Ã¢ ¥business strategies⠡â ¦ or corporate destinations. Essentially one of the systems to be utilized is that of Human Resources. Mill operator characterized vital HRM as  ¡Ã¢ ¥those choices and activities which concern the administration of workers at all levels in the business and which are identified with the execution of systems coordinated towards making and continuing upper hand (Miller, 1987 p.

Jury System In The Dock Law Essay - Free Essay Example

This discussion examines the role of the jury in the current judicial system and asks the question as to whether or not it should be abolished under certain conditions or whether it remains a fundamental facet of British democracy. Trial by jury might afford some protection against the (perhaps largely unconscious) bias of the judiciary, but it is now used only in a minority of cases, and it is proposed to restrict it still further. The debate concerning jury trials is complex and vexatious, with its detractors arguing that its archaic and unnecessary in modern society. The jury system can be criticised on several counts for being not only a waste of public funds and extremely time-consuming, but an institution which is exploited by professional criminals. It is also viewed by some as either unfair or over demanding on potentially biased or prejudiced jurors. The classic view of the jury is of a representative cross section of the public who hold the necessary common s ense to make a reasoned decision. In an ideal legal system this would be the case, however the competence of the jury is often put into question. A common criticism of the system is that juries are made up of the unemployed and the retired since nowadays most people under 70 can serve on a jury provided they are on the electoral role. Although this has increased the number of professionals available for jury service many jurors have no experience in weighting up evidence. They can also still be excused if cause is shown. Therefore this depends on how strictly applications for excusal are scrutinised in order to nullify the myth that juries are unrepresentative of the middle classes. It is also frequently argued that ethnic minorities are under-represented on juries in Britain and it is obvious that racial bias is a potential problem when an ethnic defendant is tried by an all white jury. In some Crown Courts the lack of ethnic representation remains a problem, which is magnified due to the high proportion of ethnic defendants tried there, often for racially-aggravated crimes. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the deliberations of some juries may involve a muddled compromise between diametrically opposed gut reaction of individual jurors, even if most of the time, they seem to follow the guidance of the judge. Yet juries can sometimes show an obstinate independence. A jury acquitted Clive Ponting, a civil servant at the Ministry of Defence, on a charge of breach of the Official Secrets Act in 1984, despite very clear directions from the judge to convict. Ponting had leaked information to a Labour MP because he felt strongly that the conservative government was deliberately misleading Parliament. The fact that jury deliberations are shrouded in secrecy makes it almost impossible to tell if juries take account of irrelevant or inadmissible factors. Despite this severe restriction, recent research, coupled with rare instances of transparency into the jury room, have revealed what the proponents of the jury system do not want to know. Jurors may be disproportionately influenced by evidence they are told to ignore, even to the extent that they afford it more weight than the evidence they are directed to base their decision on. The existence of bias can have a similar distorting affect on the trial; some jurors not only take into account previous convictions but a wide range of extra-curial factors, ranging from the unappealing characteristics of the prosecution witness to the attractiveness of counsel. Some are easily swayed by fast-talking lawyers. The fact that stronger personalities can overrule more timid jurors is also of relevance. In a media-saturated society jurors will often be pre-exposed to material referring to the case they are trying. Inevitably some will pay heed to this external material when deliberating, and in cases where the press orchestrate a campaign of hostility towards one defendant, this can interfere with the ir right to a fair trial and therefore undermine the fundamental principles of English justice. A major case in which trial by jury has been brought into question in the UK has been in cases of complex fraud. The argument in such cases is very simple, namely that such cases are too complex as to be understood by laymen and therefore to ask ordinary jurors to reach a verdict on such cases is simply unfair and infeasible due to their lack of technical knowledge of the subject matter. Judge only trials are becoming an increasingly common method in common law countries, and some argue that this alternative should be an option in these complex fraud cases or politically sensitive issues such as terrorism. Challenging the traditional idea of trial by jury is viewed by some as neither illiberal nor undemocratic and the case of the Diplock courts in Northern Ireland is evidence that trial by judge alone can be a successful option. Such courts were set up in response to intimidation of both witnesses and jurors and the impact on the jury and cost of providing protection was high. There are, however, many arguments against judge only trials, bringing the essay onto the positive aspects of trial by jury. First, the judiciary cannot refrain from adhering strictly to the letter of the law, even when this is not appropriate. Jury equity, one of the indicators of a democratic society, is not possible, and this is a distinct disadvantage. The abolishment of trial by jury would also set a dangerous precedent. Secondly, the defendant does not have the benefit of a jury of 12 who bring with them the freshness and insights of those who are new to the system and have not become case-hardened. Moreover, certain inadmissible evidence can be kept hidden from the jury whilst a judge will be privy to all this information. No matter how professional the judge is, in practice it will be nearly impossible to totally disregard any such evidence from their decision. Finally, certai n high profile criminal cases attract unyielding media attention. A result of this is that the judge, who lacks the benefit of juror anonymity, could be made subject to personal vilification by the press if their judgment was unpopular. Critics of trial by jury have focused largely on problems extrinsic to the principles of trial by jury such as witness and juror intimidation or cases where jurors may not understand the complex evidence. Such criticisms are valid but should not be seen as criticisms of trial by jury as a system but rather a critique of how the system can be influenced and potentially undermined. The right to trial by ones peers is an important democratic right and one that guarantees liberties and institutional trust in democratic society in a way in which trial by judge would simply not achieve. The fairness aspect, in that a majority or unanimous decision is required and the perceived success of British justice all point in favour of trial by jury. Over the pas t 50 years miscarriages of justice caused by the jury have been rare. Overwhelmingly the miscarriages have been due to failure in other parts of the system, such as by police or lawyers. If the evidence put before the jury is flawed, because it is tainted by impropriety, or is inaccurate or incomplete then a flawed result is inevitable. It is important to take into consideration the criticisms put forward and use them to improve the system. Lord Judge has highlighted the need for greater technical assistance for juries, something which could easily be achieved. It is quite possible to improve the services and resources available to juries in the form of technical assistance and an environment free from intimidation. With this in mind and coupled with the integral democratic principles of trial by jury we can conclude that trial by jury should be assisted and developed, but not abolished.

Civil Disobedience by Thoreau - Free Essay Example

Henry David Thoreau was an American poet, author, advocate, and transcendentalist. He wrote many famous essays like Walden and Civil Disobedience. Like other followers of the transcendentalist movement, Thoreau stressed the importance of religion, philosophy, and ideology in ones life. He felt that a person lived a good life by following his conscience and instincts. Thoreau also believed that materialism distracted people from living a good and moral life. In Walden, he says Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. Thoreau wrote about living a simple life and advocated against materialistic things that marked status in our society like wearing expensive things, earning high pay and owning land. Thoreau also proposed that the government should have little interference in ones life and he believed that too much government control can make your life more complicated. In Civil Disobedience, Thoreau states that when civil laws conflict with ones morals, one should follow his conscience. He writes, That government is best which governs not at all. Like other transcendentalists, Thoreau believed that less government involvement was best. In his famous Civil Disobedience and A plea for Captain John Brown, Thoreau writes about. In Civil Disobedience first titled Resistance to Civil Government, Thoreau responded to why he had gone to jail. As an abolitionist, he was against the Massachusetts poll tax and refused to pay it as a protest for slavery. He also protested against the Mexican American war that broke out in 1846 because he viewed it an aggressive war that aimed to add new slave territory in the United States. The authorities had ignored Thoreaus non-payment for months but in July of 1846, Concord constable Sam Staples ordered Thoreau to pay up. When Thoreau still failed to pay, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Middlesex County jail. However , He was released the next morning after an anonymous person paid his fine. Both slavery and the Mexican American war had played a prominent role in Thoreaus essay. In the time Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience (the late 1840s), the country had become more polarized due to the growing number of northerners expressing anti-slavery opinions and the introduction of slavery friendly laws like the Fugitive Slave Law. In his essay Civil Disobedience, Thoreau argues that laws are human-made and are not always right. He states that there is a higher divine law and when those human-made laws fail, one should obey the higher law. Consequently, slavery no matter how legal it was then, it still violets the integrity and soul of the enslaved. Thoreau said, one cannot without disgrace be associated with it. I cannot for an instant recognize that political organization as my government which is the slaves government also.