Personalised Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Personalised Learning - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalisation and the rapid changes and developments in the information and computer technology have created demands and challenges that necessitate the adoption of policies and programmes that will equip children with necessary learning and skills needed as they respond to the demands of the time. In this context, the government, through its various institutions, continue to come up with public policies aiming for the establishment and development strategies and course of action which are geared towards addressing these issues. DfES recognise the insufficiency and ill-adaption of traditional educational structure in addressing the changing demands of the global society. The ‘one-size fits all’ approach in education is no longer appropriate in responding to individual needs and society’s demands for knowledge. As such, through personalise learning, students become engaged and empowered as they take the path towards learning. While at the same, time their parents and the entire community become partners in the establishment of an education that recognises and is built on the individual gifts and prowess of children. In this regard, personalised learning is a learning system approach that caters to the personal and intellectual needs of the children and listens to their voices as it re-affirms the uniqueness of each child as they embark on learning. However, it has been observed that personalised learning is difficult to define (Pollard and James 2004). In fact, Beach and Dovemark (2009) in study have found out that there are teachers who find it difficult to distinguish between differentiation and personalised learning. They have also observed that there are teachers who are not familiar with personalised learning. In addition, it has been claimed that most discourses regarding personalised learning are drawn from â€Å"commentary rather than empirical research, highlighting that there are lim ited studies providing evaluative data on personalised learning† (Sebba et al., 2007, p. 8). In these circumstances, this research will undertake a conceptual analysis of personalised learning. This is done in order to arrive at a clearer understanding and perception of the concept, and at the same time, contribute to the endeavour of establishing more comprehensible parameters for personalised learning. Moreover, this research seeks to know how personalised learning has been concretely adopted in schools. Finally, this study aims to apprehend how personalised learning becomes the 21st century approach to learning. This study will address the following questions. (1) What is personalised learning? (2) How is personalised learning concretely adapted in school/classroom set-up? (3) How personalised learning becomes the ‘system of learning’ that can adequately respond to the challenges of 21st century global society? In order to answer these questions, a documentary analysis of secondary materials relevant to the subject matter of the research will be conducted. For the library research, the electronic databases Academic Source Complete, Jstor, Google Scholar, PsycheInfo, Business Source Complete, and ERIC were searched using a combination of the following key terms: education, personalised learning, 21st century, customised learning, individualised learning, differentiation, multiple intelligence, policies and globalisation. Articles written in English had been selected. Moreover, articles that provided a conceptual anal

John Taylor Gatto Against School Essay Example for Free

John Taylor Gatto Against School Essay When it comes to the traditional education, John Taylor Gatto’s â€Å"Against School† questions whether we really need the nine month, drawn out, traditional curriculum. Gatto goes on to name several successful people through history that were not products of a contemporary school system. When I think of Gatto’s theory of forced schooling, a friend of mine named John Smith who goes by the alias of Viper comes to mind. Viper is in his late 20’s, lives in South Philadelphia, and has worked as a Roofer for the past 10 years. Viper went to a public school in South Philadelphia. Viper went to a school where said, â€Å"It wasn’t easy. I was scrawny and white and we were poorer than the jigs that went to school wit us, so we caught alota shit.† Viper’s school was extremely underfunded. â€Å"Some days there would be trash laid out by the trash cans cause nobody would change the trash bags, the food was shit, and the bathrooms†¦forget it.† He would walk twelve blocks back to his house just to go to the bathroom. There were no extracurricular activities like book clubs and band and the school was rundown and decrepit. Eventually he started to miss classes regularly. He felt that the teachers did not care. Classes were extremely boring to him. He was actually approached by his biology teacher and told he could cut class everyday as long as he turned in his work and he would receive a D at the end of the year. He was not amused by the offer, he was not even interested in graduating anymore. â€Å"I expected to be a laborer for the rest of my life so I felt like education was unimportant.† Viper’s education started taking a back seat to work around his sophomore year of high school. He was the middle child in a family of four, all of whom have dropped out of high school and are laborers today. â€Å"My parents made me get a job when I was thirteen, that’s the way it was with all my brothers,† says Viper. Eventually he started to make a decent amount of money and admits to being extremely naà ¯ve, saying â€Å"Why the fuck was I gonna go ta school for eight more years if I was makin’ 25-30 thousand dollars a year. Do the math, instead of spendin 100 thousand dollars in college and waste my time in school I coulda made 200 thousand dollars by the time I was 24.† One day Viper decided to make an appointment with a school counselor. He was hardly going to class, working every day when he was supposed to be in school, and partying every night and having fun. School was more of a social event. He was just going to school to see his friends and make plans for the weekend. When he told the school counselor that he was planning on dropping out the counselor stood up, looked him in the eye, extended his hand and said, â€Å"Good Luck!† â€Å"The guy didn’t even give a shit!† Viper said. By the time December came around of his sophomore year, he was a high school dropout. He was working everyday by that time already so he was not stagnant. He was still living with his parents. The fact that he dropped out was ok with them because he could â€Å"contribute to the house,† as his father put it. Viper eventually saved enough money to get his own place and now lives with his wife of three years and their two children who are two and five years of age. He said, â€Å"I always thought I learned more out of school than in high school, but it’s not what my kids are gonna do†. He aspires to open his own roofing company one day. Although I do not agree with the path that Viper chose in life, he is happy and successful today. He is a great father and happily married. He does not drink anymore and devotes every second of his free time to his family. In a way he is almost a survivor to me. He is not well spoken or the brightest guy in the world, but he would d o anything in his power to help any person in a bind.

Prejudice and Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Racism in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book contains all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale: mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, and unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, "Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargain" (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrad's great story telling, he has also been viewed as a racist by some of his critics. Achebe, Singh, and Sarvan, although their criticisms differ, are a few to name. Normally, readers are good at detecting racism in a book. Achebe acknowledges Conrad camouflaged racism remarks, saying, "†¦ Conrad chose his subject well - one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with psychological pre-disposition..." (Achebe, 253). ***CAN YOU TELL US SPECIFICALLY WHAT THIS MEANS? THE READER DOES NOT KNOW WHAT PSYCHOLOGICAL PRE-DISPOSITION IS*** Having gone back and rereading Heart of Darkness, this time reading between the lines, I discovered some racism Conrad felt toward the natives that I had not discovered the first time I read the book. Racism is portrayed in Conrad's book, but one must acknowledge that in the eighteen hundreds society conformed to it. Conrad probably would have been criticized as being soft hearted rather than a racist in his time. Conrad constantly referred to the natives, in his book, as black savages, niggers, brutes, and "them", displaying ignorance toward the African history and racism towards the African people. Conrad wrote, " Black figures strolled out listlessly... the beaten nigger groaned somewhere" (Conrad 28). "They passed me with six inches, without a glance, with the complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages" (Conrad 19). Achebe also detected Conrad's frequent use of unorthodox name calling, "Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts" (Achebe 258). Conrad uses Marlow, the main character in the book, as a narrator so he himself can enter the story and tell it through his own philosophical mind. Conrad used "double speak" throughout his book. Upon arriving at the first station, Marlow commented what he observed. "They were dying slowly - it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom" (Conrad 20).

Harlem Renaissance :: essays research papers

When you think of Harlem the Harlem Renaissance, What is the first word that comes to mind? Harlem Renaissance was the great movement of the black race from the deep rural south to the urban Harlem city during the 1920s to 1930s. It was the time of the black Americans to show and reflect their talents throughout society. It was the time to prove something to the world. The time of emancipation, the time of dignity, the time of passion, the time of the art, the time of the music, etc. Do we really know why these people have migrated? What caused them to migrate? These are some of the questions that filled in my mind when I think of the Harlem Renaissance. Where did these great talented people came from? What motivated them into becoming and showing to the world that they are somebody? Looking back through the years and years of poverty, bad condition, unequal living, and having no right to be able to have their own voice in a white dominated society, these were just the bits of images that African Americans or should I say "blacks" because either way, even if you were black from Jamaica or from some other places, the white majority still considered you as "niggers". A race that is inferior and has no way into revolting against the domination of whites. There were a lot of regulations and restrictions that blacks faced during the time of slavery. Being considered a property is one of the hardship that they went through. They were basically treated like animals with no saying. They were sold here and there. There were also times that a person would get separated from their family. That person will never again see their family! The blacks were considered second class citizens. Although there were many obstacles that they encountered during their time period, they were able to escape that adversity. The main reason why people were able to escape that adversity was because they were willing to do anything, anything that would improve their life condition in the South. "The wash and rush of this human tide on the beach line of the northern city centers is to be explained primarily in terms of a new vision of opportunity, of social and economic freedom, of a spirit to seize, even in the face of an extortionate and heavy toll, a chance for the improvement of conditions.

Analysis of the Argument Culture Essay

â€Å"The Argument Culture† is a persuasive essay written by Professor Deborah Tannen. As a professor of linguistics at Georgetown University, Tannen experience in language leads her to write many books in this field. Tannen uses â€Å"The Argument Culture† essay to persuade her audience that this society’s way of looking at debate encourages an â€Å"adversarial frame of mind† (Tannen, 305). Three of Tannen’s main points include; polarized views in the news, the use of â€Å"war metaphors’ by media to catch the readers eye, and even in the language mankind uses in everyday life. Tannen’s essay also includes different ways to look at these each of these situations that may help reduce the debate language that this society uses every day. The first example Tannen shares is how this society assumes the best way to solve anything is through debate. Tannen explains, this society believes â€Å"the best way to cover news is to find spokespeople who express the most extreme, polarized views and present them as ‘both sides’ [of the story]’ (305). In some circumstances these interviews turn into very heated debates with both sides yelling over the other to make their point heard. These heated debates only divides the audience into ‘sides’ and closes minds to the facts on the other side of the debate. Most Americans do not have these strong opposing viewpoints on an issue until they are influenced by the debates in the news. Instead, Tannen encourages newscasters to ask â€Å"What are the other ‘sides’?† (308) Asking this question will get them thinking about all of the different points of view they can report on. Then the newscasters can invite guests from multiple differing viewpoints to discuss the issue. Having a group discussion with differing less extreme viewpoints can help defuse opposition, encouraging a discussion format instead of debating the issues at hand. The audience can then develop their own opinion on the issues at hand. The next example Tannen shares is how the media uses war metaphors to â€Å"shape our thinking.† A few of these war metaphors are: â€Å"the war on drugs, the war on cancer, the battle of the sexes† (305). These metaphors are used to catch the attention of the reader and to get the reader to pick a side. This is not always a good thing. Sometimes these metaphors are a great way to get support; such as â€Å"the war on cancer,† because the more people that help fight this war the better chance cancer can be defeated. The media needs to decide to use war metaphors where it will encourage support insteadof encouraging debate. An example of a war metaphor that encourages debate is â€Å"the battle of the sexes,† because this metaphor only pits the sexes against each other. There is enough struggle for equality between the sexes without the so called ‘battle.’ Men and women should be working together to reach their goals instead of competing against each other to reach their own goal. . A walk down the magazine isle at any store will prove Tannen’s point that â€Å"nearly everything is framed as a battle or game in which winning or losing is the main concern† (305). Another important point Tannen brings up is â€Å"the power of words to shape perception† (306). It is amazing how easy it is to change how things are perceived by just changing one word in a sentence. The example she shares to prove this point is from an experiment Psychologists Elisabeth Loftus and John Palmer performed. In the experiment two groups of people watch the same movie of a car accident. The two groups are asked essentially the same question except one sentence uses the word â€Å"bumped† and the other uses â€Å"smashed† to describe the collision. Tannen explains â€Å"those who read the question with ‘smashed’ tended to remember that the cars were going faster† (306). Americans need to be aware and on the lookout for these circumstances because that one word can mean the difference between dialogue and debate. Everyone needs to understand how easily language can change a person’s perception of a situation because, as Tannen shares, â€Å"[language] invisibly molds our way of thinking about people, actions and the world around us† (306). In â€Å"The Argument Culture† essay Tannen tries to open eyes to the â€Å"American tradition† of debate. This is very important because â€Å"the argument culture pervades every aspect of [American’s] lives today† (305). As Tannen’s first main point informs the reader, the argument culture is especially evident when watching the nightly news and being bombarded by debate. Through Tannen’s examples of war metaphors she proves that the media uses these metaphors to encourage disputes. War metaphors can also be found in American’s everyday conversations; it is particularly used to emphasis or even exaggerate a point in a conversation. This also shows how the language that is used in describing a situation changes one’s perception of the said situation. Tannen’s essay should be read by everyone living in this argument culture so their eyes will be open to the â€Å"adversarial frame of mind† (305) that can be found in this society. Then maybe this â€Å"argument culture† can find creative â€Å"ways of resolving disputes and differences† (305) without debate. Works Cited Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"The Argument Culture.† The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. Ed. Stephen Reid. 10th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2014. 305-09. Print.

Essay about citizenship - Citizenship in São Paulo’s Favelas The WritePass Journal

Essay about citizenship - Citizenship in So Paulo’s Favelas Introduction Essay about citizenship Citizenship in So Paulo’s Favelas ), planning for social integration is important as it addresses policies that could or affect the poor. It is also recommended that these plans be done well in advance so as to tackle the issues before they occur rather than as they occur. Urban planning plays a key role in mitigating insurgent citizenship. As aforementioned, the peripheries of So Paulo were inhabited by worker back in the 1960s who constructed their homes through autoconstruction. They did this without any infrastructure; this process is still used today as a primary means of settling the urban poor in the city. Nonetheless, as evident, this process has done little to solve the problem of housing in the city. The city of So Paulo has experienced rapid economic growth, this growth, however, has been unevenly distributed among the population, and this has resulted in wide social and economic disparities. The favelas of So Paulo is a marked representation of these issues, with inadequate infrastructure and urban servic es, lack of the rule of law and adequate policing, as well as violence emerging from institutionalized poverty. The city has lost its appeal of a neutral entity; it has become a political and economic space, where the meaning of citizenship and urban life is regularly on trial, here power relations are forcefully maneuvered and sustained. There are notable examples where the residents of the favelas have taken action to claim ownership of the slums. Holston (2007) explains that, in 1972, the residents of Jardim das Camà ©lias roughed up court officials, an incident that led to massive arrests by the police and for a week what seemed to be a conflict between the law and the residents ensued supported by politicians and lawyers. This was triggered by eviction notices that were to be delivered to the residents and which they ignored and used violence to evade, at least one person died. In 2003, an official went to Lar Nacional, to cancel one of the residents title that had been recent ly issued. This saw the beginning of long legal battle between the residents of the favelas and the court system. They had learnt to organize themselves as a unit, neighborhood association. The court officials intention was to demand the cancellation of the title as a result of an anomaly in measurements. The title was issued through adverse possession a legal way of acquiring an original title by proving possession over an uninterrupted period. The residents spent more than a decade petitioning the judiciary for such validation, and it was a historical case as the first to return favorably decided, the resident was issued a new title, site plan, as well as tax number. Moreover, this insurgent citizenship came out of the peripheries and the favelas into the civic square, with the elections of 2002, the country witnessed one of the residents of the favelas rises to the highest office of the land. Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, of the Workers Party (PT) grew up poor in the urban peripherie s of So Paulo, and this seemed as a victory for those who lived in these areas as they filled the central spaces of So Paulo with the red banners calling for citizenship. Citizenship It is critical to understand the condition of working class citizenship in So Paulo to examine the emergence of the citizenship in the favelas. Wolfe (2014) points at the fact that the establishment of a working class in So Paulo revolves around the long-time relationship between land, labor, and law that exist in land policies. These were meant to bring forth a particular kind of work force in addition to illegalities that result in settlements as well as legalization of property claims. Such illegalities resemble the current ones in the peripheries. The only difference is that this happens with an unexpected result that in the end generates a distinct formulation of citizenship. According to Holston (2007), the elites in the 19th Century introduced a regime of citizenship to strengthen their hold of power in the new formed nation state. In this process, they used social differences, such as education, race, gender to induce different treatment to different segment of citizenship. T his was the beginning gradation of rights among the citizens, and here rights were based on segregation, there were certain sections treated better than others. It is this system that created the citizenship of inclusive membership, but largely inegalitarian in distribution. For the elite to maintain the differentiated treatment to citizens after the countrys independence and the abolition of the slave trade, they came up with a dual pronged solution. They ensured direct suffrage and made it voluntary, but at the same time limited it to those who could read and write. This restriction made the electorate much smaller, furthermore in the constitution; there was an elimination of the citizens rights to basic education that provided them with some limited education. This restriction denied the citizens of their political citizenship for a long time until 1985 when it was repealed. According to Holston (2007), after the repeal, the elites still longed to control civil and economic matters. They established a real estate industry that facilitated legitimate the ownership of private property and one that supported free labor immigration. In addition, they created high price for the land and made wages low to restrict the many workers legal access to land forci ng them to basically be source of cheap labor. The two citizenships developed in tandem and became restrictive as the country changed from a slave based nation to a republic based on wage labor. The regimes that followed in the 20th century followed this paradigm establishing an inclusively inegalitarian citizenship and adopting it to a modern situation. It incorporated the emerging labor force in the urban areas into a new arena of labor law devoid of equality. According to , inclusively inegalitarian citizenship was the cause of the insurgency. Inegalitarian citizenship representative of inequality in his theory can be disapproved more so in the context of it use. If the residents of the favelas are unequal, that has not stopped them from moving up the economic and political ladder. Luiz Incio Lula da Silva is a good example of this scenario; he was raised in the favelas and emerged as the head of state. Therefore, the insurgence is not in demand for autonomy, but for residence and more so for the poor. The cause for the insurgency was lack of planning that takes into consideration the workers and the poor of the city. In addition, as much as Holston (2007) argues that favelas claimed their citizenship, this is far from the truth. They might have stopped evictions and initiated a new process of issuance of titles, but this calls for a redefinition of citizenship. Citizenship calls for recognition of the rights of each and every resident, a s part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. The rights herein refer to basic urban services including but not limited to water, sanitation, power, and education. The favelas inhibit provision of these basic services, first of all it is not easy to gauge the population in these areas for planning purposes; they are not only congested, but also risky as a result of high crime rates. In addition, the houses constructed in favelas are not planned and are informal hence it is difficult to access them for the provision of certain services such as good roads, drainage, water supply and even power. These conditions render the favelas by default inaccessible to basic urban services. Furthermore, Holston’s (2007) approach explores cultural phenomena, and he makes a persuasive case. There seems to be another problem in the favelas that have a direct bearing on the limited citizenship of the favela residents. There is a need for a clear ethnographic analysis of the key players in these areas, and Holston (2007) fails do provide this. The favelas have been invaded by cartels that would rather have them remain the way they are for business purposes. First, the drug cartels, they have a system of criminal leadership. These criminal gangs have control over most areas of the favelas making it difficult for the residents to receive much needed services due to fear. The middle class and the upper classes are of the opinion that favelas are loci of violence and the epicenter of criminality. This view is further perpetuated by the state officials as well as the law enforcement that result to a repressive approach, from regular police raids to forceful eviction of lar ge populations and razing the structures. These actions are usually justified by the mere fact that the favelas are crime hotspots. Criminal gangs and activities play a significant role in preventing accessibility into the favelas, this leads to the government shortsightedness, police unaccountability, and most important lack of opportunities and services for the residents relegating them to a state of inegalitarian citizenship. Rights in So Paulo Favelas The emergence of citizenship in So Paulo’s public spheres forced the authorities to relook into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. These brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the state’s current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance: they resolved the new common and personal spaces of everyday life among the economically challenged in the favelas; the rights concerned men, women as well as the children and established work to give state services. The most notable fact of the rights is that they introduced reconceptualization, what Holston (2007) refers to as the greatest historical innovation of these rights. The proponents of these rights had initially thought of them as entitlements of general citizenship, as opposed to a differentiated category of citizens. In this regard, the emergence of participatory pu blics in the favelas introduced and established new understanding and exercise of citizenship rights as well as expanding substantive citizenship to new social frontier. The foundation of rights, therefore, is a combination of new and old formulations. In addition, these rights are subjected to change in concepts. Nonetheless, there is a presentation of a mixture of rights that include treatment rights, contributor rights, as well as constitutional rights. It is evident that few people refer to constitutions and laws and if they do; it was to complain and that, with the exception of labor rights, most were not applicable. The concept of rights as a privileged few is grounded in several incarnations, entrenched in the system of differentiated citizenship. In other words, citizenship remains a means for the distribution and legitimizing inequality. This concept was prevalent in the post constitution favelas being used more than the insurgent one of generalized text-based rights. The generalized text, based rights, proposes that the residents of favelas have unconditional rights and that their rights are not based on personal, social or moral status. Th is sets the stage for the establishment of and the achievement of a more equalitarian citizenship. However, as the residents of favelas are organized in groups, propagates the concept of contributor rights one that adopts both systems of citizenship. This is because the autoconstruction in the favelas was not all inclusive; it excluded some residents. Despite this fact, it was recognized as the builder of the peripheries and emphasized the self-determination and accomplishment of the people in the favelas both at the individual and group level. In addition, autoconstruction promoted a universal citizenship distinct from the differentiated pattern. In the current peripheries, all the three concepts were significant in the development of citizenship. Conclusion This paper has highlighted the concept of citizenship, applying it to the city of So Paulo.  The paper reveals that the insurgency witnessed in most of the informal settlements in the city are not mere instrumental outcry and violence, but a conflict of citizenship. As the city developed, there was no proper planning that took into consideration the low income earners or even the settlements that were earlier created by the workers. Therefore, there has been the emergence of new citizenship in So Paulos public spheres forced the authorities to look into these new urban conditions by allowing new kinds and sources of rights. The insurgency introduced new ways of accessing the situation; these brought to the forefront issues of substance and scope that were previously ignored by the states current laws and institutions. The new citizenship rights developed at the edge of the manifested assumptions of governance. Citizenship as examined in the paper calls for recognition of the rights of each and every resident of the city, as part of the urban populace; they have equal democratic right to environmental health as well as basic living conditions. Bibliography Avritzer, A., 2004. A Participaà §o em So Paulo. So Paulo: Editora Unesp. Conceicao, A., 2010. RMSP supera 20 milhà µes de habitantes, calcula Seade. [Online] Available at: estadao.com.br/noticias/economia,rmsp-supera-20-milhoes-de-habitantes-calcula-seade,503095,0.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Diken, B. Laustsen, C.B., 2007. Sociology Through the Projector. New York: Routledge. Geo Cases, 2003. Sao Paulo: Population and Slum Housing. [Online] Available at: geocases2.co.uk/printable/Housing%20in%20Sao%20Paulo.htm [Accessed 14 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent citizenship in an era of global urban peripheries. [Online] Available at: publicspace.org/es/texto-biblioteca/eng/b001-insurgent-citizenship-in-an-era-of-global-urban-peripheries [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Holston, J., 2007. Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Human Rights Watch, 2009. Lethal Force: Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo. New York: Human Rights Watch. McCann, B., 2006. The Political Evolution of Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas: Recent Works. Latin American Re, pp.149-63. Santos, B.d.S., 1995. Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge: Routledge. The Guardian, 2002. Luiz Incio Lula da Silva. The Guardian, 27 October. UN Habitat, 2012. The Role of Urban Planning in Preventing Slums and Addressing the Existing Slums. [Online] Available at: mhu.gov.ma/Documents/TOP%2020/Pr%C3%A9sentations%2027%20nov/The%20role%20of%20urban%20planning%20in%20preventing%20slums%20and%20addressing%20existing%20slums.pdf [Accessed 15 March 2014]. Wakefield, E.G., 1968. A letter from Sydney. In The collected works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield. Glasgow : Collins. Wolfe, J., 2014. Working Women, Working Men: Sao Paulo the Rise of Brazil’s Industrial Working Class, 1900–1955. Duke University Press.

A comparison of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti, and The Seduction by Eileen McCauley Essays

A comparison of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti, and The Seduction by Eileen McCauley Essays A comparison of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti, and The Seduction by Eileen McCauley Paper A comparison of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti, and The Seduction by Eileen McCauley Paper Essay Topic: Christina Rossetti Poems Literature The poem Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti tells the story of a young maiden who is attracted to a lord who tempts her with his riches and then uses her. The lord is then attracted to another women Kate. He abandons the pregnant girl for Kate. But Kate refuses to have anything to do with the lord unless they are married and so the lord marries her. They then try for a child but are unsuccessful because Kate is infertile. By this time the maidens son has grown and so when she hears of the couples news she boasts of her son. The poem The Seduction by Eileen McCauley describes how a girl meets a boy at a party where they dance and talk all night. He then takes her to a riverbank where he takes advantage of her drunken state and sleeps with her. They do not speak with each other again after that night and three months later the girl discovers she is pregnant. She loses her friend sand is rejected by society as a result of her actions that night. Cousin Kate is set in the countryside where the maiden grew up and was hardened by the sun and air. She was contented with her cottage mates, which showed her youth and innocence. The scene then changes when the lord lures her to his palace home. Because she is plucked from her poor life to live in luxury this gives the story a fairy tale feel to it. Although the story has quite a sad theme the settings for this story reflect the fairytale ending. The Seduction is set in the city late at night to start with its silver stream of traffic, it then moves to Birkenhead docks and the Mersey, green as a septic wound. The descriptions of these places are not pleasant or nice to imagine which encourages people to expect a sad or at least unpleasant story. The settings are quite depressing to imagine and they help to emphasize the despair that the girl is feeling in her dilemma. The fact that everything appears to have gone wrong for the girl matches perfectly to the idea of a filthy city. Both the girls are young although we do not know exactly how old the cottage maiden is, we do know that the girl in The Seduction will miss the summer of her sixteenth year. The girls are so young because it encourages the audience to feel more sympathetic towards the girls and their dilemmas that have occurred. Cousin Kate is written in the first person, who gives the effect that, the maiden herself is telling the story, which makes the story feel more personal to the listener, they feel more involved. Because the poem is written in the first person it seems more like a story and so people will not necessarily take on board the message behind it. Where as The Seduction is written in the third person because the author hasnt personally experienced the event, but wants to relay the event to the audience. Because the poem is written in the third person it possibly encourages the audience to think about the issue described and how it may be affecting people around them. There are several similarities between the two girls, even though the poems were written 100 years apart. Both the girls recognized their loss of innocence after their experiences. The girl in The Seduction cried that she had missed all the innocence around her, which shows that she is full of regretful for the events that had happened. The maiden describes her self as an unclean thing that might have been a dove, doves were a symbol of purity so this shows that she realises the mistake she made, and that if she were to have waited a little while longer then the other villagers may have still viewed her as pure. They are both aware that they have been lied to and used but the maiden feels that the Lord has used her whereas the girl in The Seduction feels that she has been cheated by the promise of it all from the magazines. The people who live around them reject them both. They call the maiden an outcast thing and the girl is told she always looked the type. Both the girls are ashamed of what has happened to them and feel that they lived a shameful life and have fallen into a despicable feminine void. There are also several differences between the girls and the poems. The girl in the seduction does not feel jealous, neglected or superior and she does not have any mixed feelings, whereas the maiden has all of these. She is jealous of her cousin and feels neglected when he chose her and cast the maiden by, and she feels superior to her cousin when she has her fair- haired son (her gift). In The Seduction the poem has 15 stanzas, there are 4 lines to every stanza but the 9th is 8 lines. This is because it is the most important stanza, and should have the greatest effect on the audience. In Cousin Kate there are 6 stanzas each with 8 lines, this is to keep the rhythm of the poem flowing. The most important part of poem is the ending and so it can still have a dramatic effect without having its structure changed. Both the lord and the boy are simply after the girls bodies. You can tell this because the boy is not seen again after the incident and the Lord changes his women often which shows that he does not get emotionally involved in them. They go about getting the girls in very different manners. The lord flattered and praised the maidens flaxen hair. He also tried to buy the maiden with his land and offered to lift her from mean estate to sit with him on high in his palace home. He is not a faithful or honest man and changed his women like a glove; he liked to have a woman on his arm to show off like a silken knot, the maiden feels that the lord fooled her. The boy does not seem to be very well educated eating me dinner and he does not appear to have a high position in society. You are given this impression because a man with a high status would not taste of nicotine or have a bag filled with shimmering sweet paint thinner. He does not have lands or great amounts of money to entice girls with, and so must use another method to attract the girls. The boy flatters the girl by dancing with her all night. He also bought her drinks until the girl was so drunk on vodka that she wouldnt refuse anything. The treatment of the maiden by the lord is often compared to that of old or discarded clothing; he changed her like a glove shows that the lord did not actually care for her. The maiden is compared to a toy, a plaything, which shows how the lord treated her, she distracted him for a little while before he saw her cousin and was then attracted to her instead. She is also compared to a dove, which is supposed to symbolise purity and virginity and so the use of this imagery demonstrates how she would have been without the lord. Christina Rossetti also says that Kate had the stronger wing to show that the maiden feels that Kate stole the lord from her, she won the fight. McAuley makes several comparisons to a wedding because a wedding is a happy and romantic occasion, which is what the girl wanted, but what the actually happened to the girl was very different to how she had first imagined. She then describes the Mersey, green as a septic wound, which gives the impression that this story is not going to be a happy one. The maiden repeats closer to emphasize how proud she is of her son. She asks, Why did a great lord find me out? twice, which shows that she did not realise that she was attractive and shows that she was innocent. The girl in The Seduction was truly, truly frightened which calls attention to how afraid she really was. She also repeats herself again saying stupid, stupid promises which shows how foolish and naive she feels she has been by believing the boy and all the teen-age magazines. She repeats herself one last time repeating, turn away, move away, fade away which shows how desperately she does not want to be in this situation. Wide blue eyes are mentioned twice, which would have been used to show the innocence of the girl before the seduction took place, after the incident blue eyes are not mentioned at all, which shows her loss of innocence. In Cousin Kate the main contrast is the treatment of the two women by the same man. The lord treats the maiden despicably but treats Kate with far more respect and care. This is most likely to be because Kate made him marry her first before having anything to do with him, which shows that she is more mature and is willing to offer a far greater commitment to the lord than the maiden did. Because the maiden was willing to simply be his girlfriend he believed that it was acceptable to treat her in such a manner. In the Seduction the main contrast is state of the girl before and after the incident, and also between how her future should have been and how it now will be. The girl was happy and enjoying life before the incident she met him at a party and hed danced with her all night. And she had been looking forward to her sixteenth year with day trips to Blackpool and more. But now she is unable to do any of that. The girl is almost suicidal by the end of the poem Better to starve yourself like a sick precocious child. Showing how badly she feels about her situation. The cottage maiden was treated horrifically by the lord, and it was very cruel of her cousin to agree to marry the lord, when she new how her cousin felt towards the lord. But the maiden did have a son, and she is extremely proud of her son and appears to be happy now that she has her son with her, so her fate was not awful. The boy took advantage of the girl in The Seduction. She was then completely rejected by society. She was not given the consolation of having a son to encourage her; at the time she had lost everything that was dear to her. Because of this I felt more sorry for the girl in The Seduction than for the maiden in Cousin Kate because at least the maiden had her son, the girl had nothing. Also it is easier to understand a persons situation in a time closer to your own than it is to understand a person from over 100 years ago. It was easier for me to sympathise with the girl in The Seduction because one of my friends has been in a similar situation, so I had a better understanding of the situation. In conclusion I found both the poems interesting to read and discuss and both the poems had an effect on me, as I felt extremely sorry for both the girls, as I believe that it is wrong for anyone to be treated in such a manner. Both the poems were easy to follow and to understand although they did prove to be difficult to analyse because it is hard to describe what is meant by all the metaphors and the like. Overall I enjoyed this piece of work as it was both interesting and challenging.

Hyphenating Phrases

Hyphenating Phrases Hyphenating Phrases Hyphenating Phrases By Mark Nichol When should phrases of more than two words be hyphenated, and when should the constituent words stand on their own? The following sentences, and the discussions and revisions that follow each, illustrate the rules pertaining to hyphenation of phrases. 1. The researchers highlighted the follow the herd mentality the students exhibited. Because the phrase â€Å"follow the herd† constitutes one idea modifying the word mentality- and precedes the noun- the phrase should be hyphenated: â€Å"The researchers highlighted the follow-the-herd mentality the students exhibited.† (In the following sentence, â€Å"follow the herd† does not modify anything- it’s simply a verb phrase- so hyphens are not called for: â€Å"The students appeared to follow the herd in their everyday behavior.†) 2. The committee thoroughly reviewed the potential conflicts-of-interest before making a decision. Here, a phrase is hyphenated unnecessarily. â€Å"Conflicts of interest† is simply a noun phrase; it does not collectively modify anything, so no linking of the words is necessary: â€Å"The committee thoroughly reviewed the potential conflicts of interest before making a decision.† (If the phrase modified, and preceded, a noun- with a slight change to singular form for the first word- hyphenation would be correct, as in, â€Å"The conflict-of-interest implications are troublesome.†) 3. The agency’s structure violates the constitutional separation of powers doctrine. Here, a noun phrase in the â€Å"(blank) of (blank)† form serves to modify a noun, thus transforming to a phrasal adjective. Because the three words combine to form an idea and precede the noun they refer to, they should be hyphenated: â€Å"The agency’s structure violates the constitutional separation-of-powers doctrine.† (Constitutional modifies but is not part of the modifying phrase, so it is not attached.) 4. Her manager was none-too-pleased to see her arriving late for the second time in one week. This idiomatic phrase represents a single idea, but because it does not immediately precede the noun it applies to, hyphenation is not appropriate: â€Å"Her manager was none too pleased to see her arriving late for the second time in one week.† (However, it should be hyphenated in a sentence such as â€Å"Her none-too-pleased manager watched her arrive late for the second time in one week,† because the phrase â€Å"none too pleased† precedes the noun it modifies.) 5. We apparently will be informed on a need to know basis. Here, â€Å"need to know,† which, if it were to stand alone (as in â€Å"You don’t need to know†), would not require hyphens, merits them because the words together describe the type of basis in question, so the phrase serves as a phrasal adjective: â€Å"We apparently will be informed on a need-to-know basis.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t†

Research proposal Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research proposal - Annotated Bibliography Example Apple Inc has been able to capture this market through establishing a department whose role is to market the products through the social media. This source explains the benefits of social media marketing. According to this source, the customers are turning towards companies that are innovative and integrate their ideas in the production process. Besides marketing, social media provides a platform for the company to interact with the customers. According to this source, marketing of the high technological products has changed over times. Due to the dynamic nature of the devices, it has become important to identify a cheaper marketing strategy. This source is important in identifying the impact that social media has been having on the company sales. The tastes and preferences of the current market keep on changing. Different companies are setting up huge amounts of money to conduct research on different aspects that affect the consumption behavior of the market. This source will be significant in identifying other ways that social media can be used to enhance the performance of the company. Social media has improved the performance of the business by making it easy to contact the customers. This source will be significant in identifying how social social media has improved the communication process. Many of the people have focused on leadership of Apple Inc as being the key to success of the company. However, social media has been instrumental in boosting the performance of the business. In addition, it has enabled the company to reach customers who are located in different parts of the

Choose one product or product group ( e.g. gifts, books, food, Essay

Choose one product or product group ( e.g. gifts, books, food, clothes, computer, or shoes) - Essay Example The conditions in the business environment also play a key role in the identification and promotion of successful marketing plans. Current paper focuses on the challenges that the marketing strategies related to a particular group of products, computers, tend to face in the global market. Particular emphasis is given on the product’s environment but also on the potentials of the product to create value, a fact that would increase the demand for the particular product in the global market. It is revealed that the promotion of computers worldwide has radically changed, compared to the past. Online promotion is mostly used for products of such characteristics. Still, the use of traditional marketing strategies, simultaneously, could lead to the increase of this product’s popularity; such prospect would be quite important if taking into consideration the fact that computers are gradually replaced by tablets, as also analyzed below. 2.0 Introduction When checking the effecti veness of a marketing strategy, there are certain issues that need to be taken into consideration: a) marketing strategies are not standardized worldwide even for products of the same category/ characteristics, b) when referring to Internet, marketing may have different priorities, focusing on communication and the exchange of information; in opposition, in traditional marketing plans emphasis is given on the achievement of the company’s goals but also on the increase of organization’s profits; c) the success of marketing strategies can be depended on several factors; in other markets, online sales may be considered as a daily activity while in certain markets the alignment of marketing strategies with the business strategy cannot be avoided. Computers, as a critical industrial sector, have achieved an impressive rate of growth; still, the position of computers in the global market is severely threatened: the technology is continuously developed while communication and cooperation have become critical requirements for the successful integration of the products in markets worldwide. The appearance of devices that can replace PCs has led to worries in regard to the survival of the industry in the future. The value chain analysis could help to understand the potentials of the specific product to stabilize its position in the future. 3.0 Online Product 3.1 Environment of the Product The performance of computers within their environment needs to be checked from time to time. The current market trends lead to assumption that online products have more chances to achieve a high rate of growth. Still, the technology available for the realization of such projects can be quite costly, not allowing the development of such projects. The trends in regard to the online and the offline environment of the product are presented in detail in the following section. At this point, the following question appears: what does the term environment of the product means? In general, this term is used to show all characteristics of the product’s environment, including the level of the economy, the mode of social and economic framework of the state involved and c) the level of competition. The conditions in the computer industry are quite competitive; only firms that are already well established in the market will survive; as a result the performance of computers in regard to innovation need to be extremely high. The

The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Why Has Essay

The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Why Has Structural Adjustment implemented Proved so Controversial - Essay Example This has generated intense controversies on the effectiveness of the structural adjustment policies. This paper explores the controversies surrounding the effectiveness of the structural adjustments in the developing economies. Structural adjustments are measures formulated to facilitate and accelerate economic development in the targeted economies3. According Ahmed and Lipton structural adjustment polices are intended to rectify the structural imbalance in the foreign and public balances2. The policies could be initiated internally by the country concerned or external forces such the World Bank and the international monetary fund. The structural adjustments reforms endeavour to reduce and eliminate the various financial distortions, such as over valued exchange rate, huge monetary deficits and to restrict inefficient public services that hinder fair distribution of the resources in the economy of particular country1. 1I. Ahmed, and M. Lipton, â€Å"Impact of Structural Adjustment o n Sustainable Rural Livelihood: A Review of the Literature.† (1997), http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp62.pdf Accessed 14 January 2012. 2 ibid., p25 3 F. Stewart, and A. Berry. â€Å"Globalisation, Liberalization and Inequality: Real Causes.† Challenge, February 2001, 45-86. In general, the structural adjustments are intended to minimise or eliminate the balance of payments and the public sector deficits, with an objective of stimulating high economic growth. In addition, the policies aim at achieving an appropriate structural change capable of sustaining a robust economic growth and a favourable monetary environment in a particular economy3. One of the major characteristic of the structural adjustments is promoting specialization where the targeted economy is influenced to produce commodities â€Å"tradable† in the global market and reducing factors that enhance production of commodities with no or little economic value especially in the public domain4. Enhancing the flexibility and adaptability of the targeted economy to the changing global economic environment is an important objective of the structural adjustments. This reduces the effects of adverse global economic changes on the economy of a particular country 3. Structural adjustment policies comprise of measures aimed at facilitating short-term economic stability and long-term adjustments3. Short-term stabilisation measures are usually intended to the improvement of macro economic balance and overall stability. In order to attain the envisaged stability, structural adjustments enforce measures aimed at reducing the cumulative demand 3. Therefore, the major segments targeted include reduction of expenditure accrued in the public sector, increasing taxes and interests rates on loans. Usually, short-term stabilisation measures combine monetary, fiscal reforms and devaluation of currency, which deflates the actual exchange rate. These measures influence the value of commodities traded in the international market in relation to those produced and consumed in the local market 3. 3 P. Agenor, P. â€Å"Macroeconomic Adjustment and the Poor: Analytical Issues and Crosscountry Evidence â€Å"(2002). www.worldbank.org accessed 14 January 2012. 4 Ibid., p 33 Measures for ensuring short-term economic stabilisation include credit restrictions or ceilings, adjustment of exchange rate, minimising expenditures in the public sector, high tax policies and reforming the pricing of commodities3. Greenaway and Morrissey argued that the short-term nature of the stabilisation measures makes such policies to rely heavily on the managing and controlling the demand of the targeted economy. Eventually, the economy adopts a tendency of monetary absorption in the

Database Design & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Design & Development - Essay Example The data which is found in the table columns cannot be repeated. RDBMS are considered to be simple and flexible systems because data in tables is easier to understand. It can be considered flexible because users are not required to use predefined keys to enter data in the system. Users can easily add, create and access data whenever needed (Chaterjee 2005). Enterprise system can be defined as application software package that integrates the data in the organization to support processes, information access and reporting etc. RDBMS can be considered as an enterprise system since they also integrate organization information at one base which is then used for later access or modification. Enterprise systems are usually based on relational database. Both of these packages provide the user with a medium to automate their organizational process and reduce man-hours. RDBMS enables multi-user access to the data just like it is enabled in enterprise system. Main features of RDBMS; It can be defined as a relational model database server, which organizes data at in one centralized point for multi-user access. It ensures consistency and integrity at every instance in its execution. It is equipped with reliable reporting and security mechanisms. SQL is inherently transactional; therefore a transaction will start by an automated mechanism when another transaction completes (Woody 2009). This feature promotes isolation among the execution of transactions so that the execution of each of them is independent of each other. Some of its main features are; The basic type of data storage in SQL Server is a database, which can be considered as a collection of tables. SQL Server provides support for many data types like Integer, Float, and Decimal etc. It also offers the feature of user-defined composite types. There are several other things that are supported in SQL server other than tables; they are views, stored procedures etc (Delaney 2005). The

Womens Rights during the industrial revolution Essay

Womens Rights during the industrial revolution - Essay Example The industrialization has made a powerful impact on the vast and rapid economic growth of the country. Among the key factors that enabled economic development were creation of the unified system of railroads and the invention of telephone and telegraph which made it easier to transport and control the manufacturing all over the country, mechanization of the production processes and implementation of more effective production methods such as labor specialization. Moreover, growing population consisting of the immigrants and farmers who moved to the cities in the search of better conditions for work as well as bank loans and investments provided constant and sustainable flow of cheap working hands and vast financial resources (History of the United States Industrialization and Reforms, 2014). All this has contributed to the expansion and intensification of international trade and the development of â€Å"big business† (e. g., John Fockeffelers Standard Oil Company) and corporati ons. At the end of the 19th century corporations with their â€Å"mass production† of such items as, for example, weapon, have promoted America to one of the greatest industrial powers in the world (Melosi, 2008). The industrialization has also influences great changes in social life. Looking for better conditions of life and work people moved from farmlands to the cities where the core production was concentrated. Nevertheless, rising urbanization also brought the increase in poverty as the salaries of workers were extremely low which also made them live in the places called â€Å"tenements†. The life in tenements â€Å"fostered disease, high infant mortality, and horrific levels of pollution, and were often the site of racial and ethnic strife† (SAT U. S. History, 2011). Such conditions of life in America as availability of job and greater political freedom attracted many immigrants from the foreign countries. It is reported that between 1870 and 1916 about 25 million people have

Database Design & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Database Design & Development - Essay Example The data which is found in the table columns cannot be repeated. RDBMS are considered to be simple and flexible systems because data in tables is easier to understand. It can be considered flexible because users are not required to use predefined keys to enter data in the system. Users can easily add, create and access data whenever needed (Chaterjee 2005). Enterprise system can be defined as application software package that integrates the data in the organization to support processes, information access and reporting etc. RDBMS can be considered as an enterprise system since they also integrate organization information at one base which is then used for later access or modification. Enterprise systems are usually based on relational database. Both of these packages provide the user with a medium to automate their organizational process and reduce man-hours. RDBMS enables multi-user access to the data just like it is enabled in enterprise system. Main features of RDBMS; It can be defined as a relational model database server, which organizes data at in one centralized point for multi-user access. It ensures consistency and integrity at every instance in its execution. It is equipped with reliable reporting and security mechanisms. SQL is inherently transactional; therefore a transaction will start by an automated mechanism when another transaction completes (Woody 2009). This feature promotes isolation among the execution of transactions so that the execution of each of them is independent of each other. Some of its main features are; The basic type of data storage in SQL Server is a database, which can be considered as a collection of tables. SQL Server provides support for many data types like Integer, Float, and Decimal etc. It also offers the feature of user-defined composite types. There are several other things that are supported in SQL server other than tables; they are views, stored procedures etc (Delaney 2005). The

Semiotic analysis of articles on nancy grace's coverage of the casey Essay

Semiotic analysis of articles on nancy grace's coverage of the casey anthony trial - Essay Example In considering Nancy Grace’s coverage of the Casey Anthony murder trial commentators have resorted to a number of semiotic trends. One of the major indications is the signification of Grace as sensationalistic. In these regards, nearly all commentators identified Grace’s post-trial speech where she stated, â€Å"somewhere out there the devil is dancing tonight† (Williams). Commentators have also frequently indicated the characterization Grace has given the defendants, referring to Casey Anthony as ‘tot mom’. Grace is even argued to extend the truth to achieve this sensationalism. Williams notes, â€Å"She talks about speaking the truth, yet weaves elaborate fictions of a champagne-popping defense team† (Williams). In these regards, one of the primary significations of Grace’s commentary is the sensationalism that is implemented in her characterization of trial proceedings. Another of the overriding media trends is the indication that Grace constitutes a sort of extra-jury form of commentary. Consider Bauder, who points out a lawyer who believes, â€Å"Grace has undermined respect for the jury system the way she has spoken out against the Anthony verdict. She said she’s worried that someone who disagrees with the verdict, whipped up by Grace’s disgust, will harm some of the jurors† (Bauder). In these regards, the signification of Grace as this sort meta-judicial participant imbues her with power that generally is not attributable to media commentators. In addition to these earlier significations, Grace has also been signified going outside bounds of truth. Indeed, one of the consistent significations of Grace is as this ‘truth extender’. It seems the underlining signifier is that Grace extends the truth to achieve media ends and higher ratings for her cable commentary show. One such example of this is in the interview Grace gave to FOX News commentator Bill O’Reilly. While O’Reilly seemingly asks questions without an

Post-War Boom Essay Example for Free

Post-War Boom Essay Every 22nd of April, the world celebrates Earth Day, where the importance of environmentalism given emphasis. What was once an ideology is now a social movement, with major corporations joining in the campaign to preserve the environment. In the US, the road to environmental movement started as early as the 1960s but only reached extensive recognition in the 70s. In 1962, Rachel Carson, a biologist, wrote a book entitled Silent Spring, which exposed the threats brought on by the use of pesticides (Brinkley 875). She wrote that it was the first time that human beings were being subjected to â€Å"dangerous chemicals† and called on the government to act on it (LaFeber et al 547). But it was not only Carson who opened the door for environmental movement. Following the war, the drastic effect on the environment was starting to put people in a crisis. Water pollution was spreading; toxic fumes from factories and power plants had started to infiltrate the water and the atmosphere (Brinkley 876-877). In Ohio, for example, the Cuyahoga River had â€Å"burst into flames† following constant dumping of petroleum waste into it (877). The word â€Å"smog† was created to refer to the combination of smoke and fog which relentlessly plagued the people living in cities (877). Environmental destruction had started. The realization made people become aware of the possible damages it could inflict not just on the people but also on their surroundings. In fact, as early as 1950s, the Sierra Club, a traditional conservation organization, had contested the proposal to dam the Green River in Colorado (Glen Canyon Institute 2008). Sierra Club deemed the proposal as â€Å"America’s most regretted environmental mistake† (2008). The group sought to stop it but was in vain. The Glen Canyon damming opened the waters (put intended) for the environmental movement that when proposals for damming Marble and Grand Canyon were put forward, the Sierra Club staged not just protests but also placed advertisement in the New York Times to stop it. In a way, the Colorado incident put forth the rising environmental movement. It triggered the concern for environmental conservation and preservation. Among the environmental problems which people hoped to address were the aforementioned water problem, ozone layer, greenhouse effect, nuclear power and the escalating amount of garbage (Divine et al 870-871). For instance, studies in the 70s revealed the effects of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) to the earth’s ozone layer (870). Scientists also discovered that smoke and other toxic fumes contributed to the formation of acid rain, which was dangerous not only to forests but the aquamarine (870). Only April 1970 the first Earth Day was celebrated in campuses, the start of what was to be a campaign to expand the threats of toxic wastes to the environment (LaFeber 547). Earth Day was the idea of Senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin who initially thought of conducting a series of talks around campus (Brinkley 878). Compared to the antiwar rallies that as common during these days, the Earth Day demonstration had an â€Å"unthreatening† aura that made it interesting to people. During President Nixon’s first term, the Congress passed the National Environmental Policy Act and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (Brinkley 878). Laws were also created to regulate environmental hazards, preserve endangered species and protect wilderness areas (LaFeber 547). The Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act were passed in 1972 (Brinkley 878). The support of government in environmentalism made it easier to somehow alleviate environmental degradation brought on by pollution and the advancing industrial society. However, during the Reagan administration, federal cuts were made in favor of promoting private enterprises (547). Reagan also hoped to abolish the Council on Environmental Quality and cut funds for the Environmental Protection Agency (547). However, his anti-environmental revolution only made the environmental movement stronger. Environmental groups saw rise in its members.

The Illusionist Movie Review Film Studies Essay

The Illusionist Movie Review Film Studies Essay The genre of the movie is drama. It has been one of the most famous films because of their excellent  presentation; good script, directing and clear enough to deliver the message to the audience. The Illusionist Film is produced by Brian Koppelman, David Levien, Michael London, Cathy Schulman,Bob Yari and screen writer/director is by Neil Burger and starring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. That movie is based on Steven Millhausers short story called sEisenheim the Illusionist. The Illusionist movie is right balance to the romance and true piece of the magic. The story is basically about of Eisenheim who was a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna. First of all, I would like to tell about the Eisenhemins lifestyle and history. He was the son of a cabinetmaker in  Austria-Hungary. One day, he met a travel magician along street. That magician illustrated him some a few magic tricks. Since then Eisenhemin become obsessed with the magic tricks and started to practice to become better in it. At that time, some people believed that Eisenhemin got some special power. Eisenhemin and Sophie were childhood friends and when they grew older they fell in love but Sophes family did not approved of it. After that, Eisenhemin went out to his native town and traveled around the world and started to learn more magic tricks.  Ã‚  After 15 years later, Eisenhemin became a famous magician in Vienna. So Crown Prince Leopold came to see his illusionist. In that time, Eisenhemin wanted to show one of his best illusion tricks. So he requested that he needed one performance to help with his illusion. That is why, Crown Prince made his fiancà ©e Sophie volunteered for his performance. By the time, Eisenhemin and Sophie met on stage again; both were immediately remember their childhood days. However, The Illusionist is an intense battles of wills between the despicable Prince Leopold and the cunning Eisenheim, with officer Uhl an amateur magician himself and someone fascinated with Eisenheims work stuck in the middle. Is Eisenheim calling on supernatural powers when he makes butterflies appear out of thin air, plants grow to full height in the space of mere minutes, or performs other extraordinary tricks onstage, or is it all smoke and mirrors? Uhl seeks answers to the source of Eisenheims powers while delicately balancing his admiration for the magician with his duty to the Crown Prince. At a royal Eisenheim takes the princes sword, balances it on its tip on the floor, evokes the myth of Excalibur and invites soldiers in the audience to remove it. The prince succeeds, but only after Eisenheim lifts the spell. Eisenheim though about his new kind of magic show and he prepare for some equiment and purchases a run-down theater and opens a new performance. During his show, apparently spirits, on the stage. However people believe that he had supernature powers. In those days, Price Leopold heard that news, he was so disguise. During his show, he summons the spirit of Sophie who says someone in the theater murdered her, panicking Leopold. Later that Uhl has to shop that show and he just to do to make prince orders to rrest Eisenheim during his show but Uhl could not rest Esienheim because his body fades and disappears like his summoned spirits. So that why, Edward Norton was good performance as a master of illusionist and he is a calm reserve for the most part, yet is able to unleash playfulness when its called for specifically in the scenes when hes showing off his magical talents on stage and he also make tricks and rescuers for his lover Sophie and he is good treatment for Inspeter Uhl. It was so good presentation for scene by scene. As a conclusion, the Illusionist movie is really good performance, excellent Actor and Actress and nice screen play, good story board and so on. Other best way is that movie using a muted color is like a brown color and we just know about to wear 19th century old fashion style and we just know characteristic of in 19th century. The film was nice cinematography, costumes and overall tone helped modern audiences forget its 2006. The film is amazing job of transporting its view back in time to 1900 in Vienna. Moreover, the effects support for magic show and sound effect make it more interesting for the whole movie. All of all, the good thing is a 2 hrs script con ­verted from a short inter ­est ­ing story as well.

Korean Comfort Women Essays -- History Korea Japan War Essays

Comfort women, or ianfu as they are called in Korean, are females who were forced sex slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army (Chunghee). Some of the women were dragged off with physical force as their families wept, while others were actually sold to the army by their destitute families (Watanabe). Still other were officially drafted by the Japanese Imperial Army and believed they would be factory workers or nurses (Hwang in Schellstede 4). Some Korean village leaders were ordered to send young women to participate in "important business for the Imperial Army" (Watanabe). Many Japanese soldiers referred to comfort women as teishintai, which means â€Å"volunteer corps,† so those women who thought they would be working in a factory would not understand what the army really intended to do with them (Kim in Schallstede 25). Jungshindae was the women’s labor corps in which the women would work at a military factory and receive wages. Many women believed this was what th ey would be doing when they were recruited by the army (anonymous in Schellstede 103). The horrific practice of using comfort women for the army carried over from World War II to the Korean War. Many feel that the practice of comfort women lies in discrimination on the part of the Japanese in terms of gender, ethnicity, and race. â€Å"Created through legalized prostitution based on patriarchy, colonialism, and imperialism, the system of comfort women clearly demonstrates that capitalism, sexism, and racism are linked and perpetuated both in the colonial and postcolonial eras† (Watanabe). Estimates as to how many comfort women there were range anywhere from 80,000 to 200,000, and it is believed that approximately 80% of them were Korean. Others came from the Philippi... ...on and a decent apology. As for whether they will receive what they seek, only time and the Japanese government will tell. Works Cited â€Å"Album: Comfort Women History.† 2003. Brown University Korean American Students Association. 1 Dec. 2002. Horn, Dottie. â€Å"Comfort Women.† 1997. Endeavors. Jan. 1997. Schellstede, Sangmie Choi, ed. Comfort Women Speak: Testimony of Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military. New York: Holmes & Meier, 2000. Soh, Chunghee Sarah. â€Å"The Comfort Women Project.† 1997. San Francisco State University. 3 Mar. 2002. Watanabe, Kazuko. "Militarism, Colonialism, and the Trafficking of Women: ‘Comfort Women’ Forced into Sexual Labor for Japanese Soldiers". 1994. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. Oct. 1994. Kim, Huun Jin. â€Å"Comfort Women.† 2003. Voices. Hicks, George. The Comfort Women. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994

Gender in Society as portrayed in Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication o

In this essay I am going to show you how things like education, job and relationship between men and women have changed and things like support are still the same since Mary Wollstonecraft and D. H. Lawrence write about them. In the essay 'A Vindication of the Right of Woman' by Mary Wollstonecraft, the author urges women to reject their conventional image of weakness. Mary Wollstonecraft uses her style of diction to convince the reader of her ideas. D. H. Lawrence, in his essay, 'Give Her a Pattern' sketches some of the patterns imposed on women by men from eighteen to 21st century. Wollstonecraft and Lawrence, they both write about the positions of men and women in society in their respective times. Wollstonecraft writes in Victorian Age and Lawrence writes in late eighteenth, early ninetieth century. But if these two writers could rise from the dead and go to see a movie or watch a television show today, they would definitely see evidence that some of their ideas about society ha ve changed such as career options, while few others such as the idea of ?the woman behind man? have remained the same. According to Lawrence, women are trying to live up to men?s expectations of what a woman is. He writes that, the eternal secret ideal of men [is] the prostitute? (D. H. Lawrence 182). The author could see his thoughts reflected in the movie ?Pretty Woman?. In this film, he can see how a man treats a woman by buying her nice clothes and doing things for her all the time. But actually it?s not for her, it is for his own pleasure. This ?gifts? and actions satisfy his needs to be with a woman that is not going to fall in love with him. Lawrence can see all of his ideas about the modern man who doesn?t know what he wants a... ...he world. This show is all about how single women can be high in society without men. They have good jobs and a lot of money. There are lots of women like them in this modern society. If she watched that television show, she will realize that women are capable of living without men. Our generation has been changed in different ways, but there are still some things that do not change over time. Those things are the same as Wollstonecraft and Lawrence thoughts. Some of them like career options, which includes job and education have changed a lot more and probably will keep changing in the future, too. They are changing in good way and in a way woman can be proud and live equal to men. I believe that those things staying the same, such as what the men expect the woman to be and to produce the best ideal of her, may remain in this order many centuries after this one.

Promote Equality and Inclusion in Health

CU1532 PROMOTE EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN HEALTH, SOCIAL CARE OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTINGS Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion Explain what is meant by diversity; equality; inclusion Diversity can be defined in many different ways. What does it mean to us? Diversity is a commitment to recognizing and appreciating the variety of characteristics that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and celebrates individual and collective achievement.Examples of these characteristics are: age; cognitive style; culture; disability (mental, learning, physical); economic background; education; ethnicity; gender identity; geographic background; language(s) spoken; marital/partnered status; physical appearance; political affiliation; race; religious beliefs; sexual orientation. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.Inclusion at its simplest is ‘the state of being included’ but it is a bit more complicated than that†¦ It is used by disability rights activists to promote the idea that all people should be freely and openly accommodated without restrictions or limitations of any kind. Describe the potential effects of discrimination Physical effects: headaches, poor appetite, a change in eating habits, sleeplessness, loss/gain of weight, deterioration of health, bruises, ulcers, lack of personal hygiene and lack of energy.Emotional effects: low self-esteem, lack of confidence, feeling unwanted, insecurity, becoming withdrawn, depression/stress, anxiety, sudden change in behaviour, lack of co-operation and learned helplessness. Social effects: isolation, lack of friends, becoming withdrawn, unrecognized as an individual, feel like a stranger and inability to build relationships. the intellectual effects: res tricted access to education, poor performance in examinations, lack of achievements, poor job prospects, lack of skills, self-fulfilling prophecy, loss of motivation, lack of interest in anything and absence from work.Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity Inclusive practice is about the attitudes, approaches and strategies taken to ensure that people are not excluded or isolated. It means supporting diversity by accepting and welcoming people’s differences, and promoting equality by ensuring equal opportunities for all. Inclusive practice is best practice. Health and social care workers demonstrate inclusive practice by working in ways that recognise, respect, value and make the most of all aspects of diversity.Having a sound awareness of and responding sensitively to an individual’s diverse needs supports them in developing a sense of belonging, well-being and confidence in their identity and abilities. And it helps them to achieve th eir potential and take their rightful place in society. In addition, inclusive practice involves having an understanding of the disastrous impact that discrimination, inequality and social exclusion can have on an individual’s physical and mental health.Having such an understanding ensures appropriate, personalised care and support, thereby enabling an individual to develop self-respect and maintain a valued role in society. Because people who fail to support diversity or promote equality are usually entirely unaware of their attitudes and the impact of their behaviour, inclusive practice involves reflecting on and challenging one’s own prejudices, behaviours and work practices.It also involves challenging those of colleagues and other service providers, with a view to adapting ways of thinking and working and to changing services to build on good practice and to better support diversity and promote equality. Be able to work in an inclusive way Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own work role The UK has in place numerous pieces of legislation (laws), rules, regulations, guidance documents and statutory codes of practice, all of which are intended to promote diversity, ensure equality and end discrimination.In other words, they are in place to promote everyone’s right to fair and equal treatment, regardless of their differences. The Human Rights Act 1998. This covers many different types of discrimination, including some that are not covered by other discrimination laws. Rights under the Act can be used only against a public authority, for example, the police or a local council, and not a private company. However, court decisions on discrimination usually have to take into account what the Human Rights Act says. The Equal Pay Act 1970 (amended 1984).This says that women must be paid the same as men when they are doing the same (or broadly similar) work, work rated as equ ivalent under a job evaluation scheme, or work of equal value. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (amended 1986). This makes it unlawful to discriminate against men or women in employment, education, housing or in providing goods and services, and also in advertisements for these things. It’s also against the law, but only in work-related matters, to discriminate against someone because they are married or in a civil partnership.Race Relations Act 1976 (amended 2000). This states that everyone must be treated fairly regardless of their race, nationality, or ethnic or national origins. Disability Discrimination Act 1995. This states that a person with a disability must not be treated less fairly than someone who is able-bodied. Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003. This says it is unlawful to discriminate against people at work because of their religion or belief. The regulations also cover training that is to do with work. Employment Equality (Age) Regulatio ns 2006.This says it is unlawful for an employer or potential employer to discriminate against you at work because of your age. Show interaction with individuals that respects their beliefs, culture, values and preferences I encourage clients to be independent members of the community and to take as much charge for their own self-care as is possible, within their Rights And Responsibilities. In my work, I adhere to the Legal Requirements of the Care Standards Act. I meet the requirements of the Registering Authorities within my role and aim to improve on these requirements.I have a ‘duty of care’ to my clients. I will advise and support clients with any matter they may require assistance with, within my role and capability. I ensure that no personal information regarding a client is disclosed to a third party without prior agreement of the client concerned. Communication with clients should be at the level of their understanding and provide privacy and promote dignity a nd self-respect. Carers via communications with client’s family, previous recording assessment and observation will be aware of any associated difficulties. It may be necessary to remind e. g. onfused elderly clients from time to time and assist where necessary. The Home encourages care workers to take on the role of advocates to promote the awareness of clients’ rights and help them gain access to the services they need. The following set of values is supported for all clients: The freedom of choice on personal matters and preferences. The opportunity to fulfill personal ambitions and develop knowledge and skills. The right to the fullest expression of citizenship. The right to lead an independent a life as possible. The right to privacy and personal space without hindrance.To be treated with respect and dignity in a caring manner at all times. To be recognised as an individual with regard to personal needs irrespective of circumstances. The right of freedom of moveme nt from one place to another without restriction. It is necessary that all records be accurate, legible and complete and current in all circumstances including the promotion of rights and responsibilities. Be able to promote diversity, equality and inclusion Demonstrate actions that model inclusive practice The Equality Act became law in October 2010. It replaces previous legislation such as the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995) and ensures consistency in what you need to do to make your workplace a fair environment and to comply with the law. The Equality Act covers the same groups that were protected by existing equality legislation – age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex, sexual orientation, marriage and civil partnership and pregnancy and maternity – but extends some protections to groups not previously covered, and also strengthens particular aspects of equality law.The Equality Act is a mixture of ri ghts and responsibilities that have:  · Stayed the same – for example, direct discrimination still occurs when â€Å"someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic†  · Changed – for example, employees will now be able to complain of harassment even if it is not directed at them, if they can demonstrate that it creates an offensive environment for them  · Been extended – for example, associative discrimination (direct discrimination against someone because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic) will cover age, disability, gender reassignment and sex as well as race, religion and belief and sexual orientation.  · Been introduced for the first time – for example, the concept of discrimination arising from disability, which occurs if a disabled person is treated unfavourably because of something arising in consequence of their disability. Demonstrate how to supp ort others to promote equality and rightsThe Home is committed to promoting equality of opportunity, tackling discrimination and welcoming and valuing the diversity of the communities we serve. This policy highlights compliance with anti-discriminatory legislation and regulatory requirements and our ongoing commitment to equality and diversity. It also acts as a framework for promoting and adopting best practice and delivering continuous improvement across all our key business areas. We believe that excellent customer service means providing a service that is accessible and desirable to all, that the promotion of equality and diversity is essential to our core business and that a diverse customer and staff base requires us to value those differences.We will drive commitment to equality and diversity in service delivery by providing accessible and customer focused services, improved understanding of the customer journey, build capacity to refer customers to other services and increas e methods of communication to meet our customer needs. The Home will aim to ensure that no person receives less favourable treatment from the organisation including on the grounds of race, colour, gender, transgender, marital status, religion, disability, age HIV status or sexual orientation. We will monitor all applications for housing and employment by ethnic origin, disability, age and gender to ensure we meet our objectives.Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that promotes change Always challenge discrimination. Do it in a calm and professional way and tell the individual that what they are saying is unacceptable. You can also say that you are upset and offended by discriminatory words and actions. Also, that it is unlawful. In a work setting, discrimination can be a disciplinary matter and procedures should always be in place, in the form of written documentation, shared with the employee and employer. There should be support for you as an individual, if you are d ealing with discrimination. Challenging discriminatory behaviour means not letting this behaviour happen without taking some sort of action against it.There are many ways that people can be discriminated against. They include verbal or physical abuse, exclusion, labelling or stereotyping . It is important to challenge discriminatory behaviour because it can cause distress, ill health, isolation and stress to a service user. Discrimination usually arises from a lack of awareness and experience rather than deliberate intent. Each organisation needs a policy that will reflect its own ways of working, its community and constituency, activities and size. By examining in detail how you operate, you will learn to recognise how and where discrimination is manifesting itself and be able to deal with each instance.

Perception On Political Candidates Health And Social Care Essay

1.0 Introduction This papers nowadayss proposed sentiment canvass research. The sentiment canvass aims at reading the market and calculate public sentiment on their perceptual experience on political campaigners. Specifying of sentiment canvass It is an effort to happen out what components of Embu county in general, what they think about a Embu county leading and the capableness of the prospective campaigner. This Public sentiment is influenced by the new development in the Kenya new fundamental law and peculiarly power degeneration to the county degree. Purpose of sentiment canvass The Purpose of the proposed sentiment canvass research will be to assist the prospective campaigner know most of the components. 1.4 Goal of sentiment canvass The end of the proposed sentiment canvass is to plan and to develop a scheme that will happen the winning statements for the run, its strengths and failings, every bit good as the strengths and possible exposures of your opposition, by to hold a dependable step of public sentiment through a custom-designed questionnaires for for the campaigners County. 1.5 Objective of the sentiment canvass 1. To have nonsubjective sentiment, non subjective sentiments, and learns what events will impact public sentiment. 2. To guarantee that the research findings read the market and calculate public sentiment on their perceptual experience on the political campaigner. 3. To inform the prospective political campaigner about the canvass consequences, findings, the deduction on their campaigning and subsequent authorization at the county. 1.6 This proposal contain A Planning Model: Goals set, mark audiences, strategic consequences to be identified. A campaign/ political Communications Scheme: Substantial and operational precedences and attacks. A Program Plan: Programs, plan direction, and plan resources set to implement the scheme. Components Plans: Execution programs for campaign/ political Communications Strategy. 1.7 Background to county In the proposed bill of exchange fundamental law, Kenya is to be divided into 47 counties based on the territories created in 1992. With respect to degeneration, the state will hold a authorities construction with two domains: national and county authoritiess. The remotion of parts has efficaciously left county authoritiess as the point of balance between the national and the county authoritiess. Removal of parts has besides shifted sub-national peace and integrity attempts from parts to the local degree. The bill of exchange does non order a entire inspection and repair of the current local authorities construction ; it leaves the issue unfastened until such a clip that new local authorities statute law will be enacted. A careful reading of the bill of exchange shows that proposed county authoritiess will execute both cardinal and local authorities maps. The proposed devolved authorities has the aim of heightening national integrity through acknowledgment of diverseness. This means county authoritiess will hold to exert their maps in a mode that promotes local harmoniousness. This will chiefly be achieved through just and democratically agreed precedences for local development. Further, local peace can be achieved through a politically inclusive attack to development, which accommodates minority involvements. In this manner, communities will be united by a normally agreed development docket. Matters such as assignments to county authorities places should reflect the diverseness of the communities served by the several county authoritiess. The county authorities will be the closest direct contact with local communities. 1.7.1 Vision One of the cardinal reforms of the Constitution is the constitution of degeneration through county authoritiess. Chiefly, it is a response to the tremendous centralization of province power at the Centre and in the presidential term, accentuated by the abrasion of local authorities. For many people, the chief contact with authorities has been with Provincial and District Commissioners and Chiefs, finally responsible to the President. On a more political degree, the centralization of power, by and large exercised by a little clique of people around the President, marginalised communities and parts that were perceived to be opposed to the government. Economically, endeavors and employment tended to concentrate in Nairobi, and led to migration from rural to urban countries. For an apprehension of the grounds for degeneration, one can non make better than read Article 174.They include democratization, answerability, increased cheques and balances, national integrity, recognizing diverseness and protecting minorities, economic development and entree to services, and just sharing of national and local resources. This is an ambitious docket, carried over from the CKRC and Bomas bill of exchanges, but without the same institutional agreements and devolved powers. Degeneration is partially a affair of jurisprudence and partially of conventions and pattern. It will come into consequence merely after the following General Elections, when the county assemblies and governors will be elected. There is adequate flexibleness as to the development and operation of the system. Powers and money will be transferred merely when the capacity to manage them has been established in the county. County authoritiess could hold that the national authorities should make certain things for them, or the national authorities could hold that the counties, or those of them with the capacity, should take over certain national authorities maps. Torahs can be made to give new powers to the counties. The system is to be phased in so that maps are transferred bit by bit to counties that can manage them, and non all counties need acquire all the powers at the same clip. Although the national authorities can do Torahs about everything, including subjects on which counties may do Torahs, national authorities jurisprudence will take precedency merely if there is good ground for holding national instead than county Torahs. Flexibility is doubtless a good thing, but it requires complex systems of dialogue and determination devising. The fundamental law recognizes this and provides for co-operation between the national and county authoritiess, with a critical function for the Senate as a kind of negociating forum at the same clip as it protects the involvements of counties. There are besides mechanisms for guaranting that counties observe the rights of all the occupants and carry out disposal consistent with the values of degeneration. On the other manus, it is of import that the national authorities realises that degeneration is an indispensable constituent of the new system of the province – and counties have constitutionally guaranteed position and powers – and defy the enticement to order to them. Despite this positive model, there are serious anxiousnesss about degeneration. Paradoxically, some are disquieted about excessively much powers being handed over to counties, others ( like us ) that excessively small power is guaranteed. But we have noted above the flexibleness in this respect. Some fear favoritism against minorities within the counties, and the inclination of the dominant cultural group to allow all county offices and resources. Groups who have migrated into a county in recent times are fearful even of eviction. We must take these anxiousnesss earnestly. The fundamental law does cover with them. All citizens have equal rights where of all time they live, and the Bill of Rights has a strong system of enforcement. Some liberty can be provided for minorities located in countries where they are numerically prevailing through local authorities. Minorities are to be proportionately represented in county assemblies and the executive. Ultimately, there is authorization for the national authorities to step in in a county which violates the rights of its occupants ( under the class of â€Å" exceeding fortunes † ) , after question by an independent committee. While fright of favoritism is apprehensible, it is of import to remind ourselves that an of import intent of degeneration is to increase national integrity, non endanger it. Leaderships at the county degree, every bit much as at the national degree, have constitutional duties to advance inter-ethnic harmoniousness, societal justness and the protection of human rights. Groups which have suffered in the past due to revengeful policies of the cardinal authorities will now happen it easier, through the county system, to experience secure, take part in public personal businesss, negotiate with the national authorities and incorporate politically. If this happens, national integrity will be strengthened. And this will be assisted by the demand of just distribution of resources, and particular aid to the less developed counties. There are besides anxiousnesss about the fiscal deductions of degeneration. The costs attributed to degeneration are non new costs: we already have budgets for territories, including for county councils, some points of the bing cardinal authorities budget will be transferred to counties as the maps are transferred, and we already have some financess which are on a regular basis earmarked for territories. Hopefully, the Salaries and Remuneration Commission will set up realistic wages for public officers, and the jurisprudence might see supplying merely allowances, non wages, for members of county assemblies, as their maps will non name for full clip committedness – an attack favoured by the CKRC. But, more significantly, there is no â€Å" nothing amount † arithmetic in these affairs. Degeneration has the possible to open up new chances for economic development, and the rise of new growing Centres as county authoritiess experience the force per unit area to present to the new electorates. We need to set degeneration in the context of the new fundamental law. The fundamental law is about democratisation, with the people at the Centre of the political system. Degeneration can be really empowering, as the illustration of India and several other states has shown. But it will non go on automatically, and we need to remind ourselves how dreadfully incorrect waies county authoritiess can take. Those who are already tasting chances of governorships, senatorships, and other moneymaking offices should retrieve that the new fundamental law is about service to the people, the unity of leading, the criminalisation of incitation to cultural hates, the publicity of just disposal, and finally inclusion of all. The fundamental law besides calls upon the people to see to it that the leaders they choose respect these values. Chapter Two: Situation ANALYSIS 2.0 Analyzing the state of affairs Embu County Profile Embu County is one of the 13 Counties in Eastern Province. The County is bordered by Mbeere County to the East and South-East, Kirinyaga County to the West and Tharaka Nithi County to the North. It is divided into five administrative divisions viz. Central, Kyeni, Manyatta, Nembure and Runyenjes. The County occupies a entire country of 729.4 kmA? . Manyatta division is the largest with an country of about 208 kmA? followed by Runyenjes, Kyeni, Nembure and Central division in that order to cover about 30 per cent of the territory country. Runyenjes Division is the largest with an country of 148.5 kmA? ( 20 % ) followed by Manyatta, Kyeni and Nembure busying 14.7 kmA? , 14.4 kmA? and 12.1 kmA? . Central Division is the smallest with 70.6 kmA? . In footings of population, Manyatta Division has the highest accounting for 25.6 % . Runyenjes was 2nd with 23 % , Central 18.9 % , Kyeni 17.4 % , Nembure 14.9 % and the least was Mt. Kenya with 0.1 % . Population densenesss are comparatively high, with Central Division holding 869 individuals per kmA? in twelvemonth 2010. This is chiefly due to its urban features since it includes Embu Municipality. Runyenjes Division the lowest denseness of 454. Demographic and population profile Harmonizing to the 1999 Population and Housing Census, Embu territory had a entire population of 288,196 It is expected to turn at a rate of 1.7 per centum lifting to 294,061 in twelvemonth 2005 and 294,558 at the terminal of the program period ( twelvemonth 2010 ) . The projections shown in table 3 below indicates that the immature population of less 15 old ages comprises 38 % of the entire population while the proportion of those age 60 old ages was estimated at 5.6 % . Both groups will add up to 43.6 % connoting a dependence ratio of 100:73. The big figure of dependents will take to a low nest eggs and strive the bing wellness instruction installations. The female population is higher than males, with a sex ratio of 96 males to 100 females as at 1999. All the age cohorts except 0-4, 5-9 and 45-49 have higher females than male population. This could be due to more males than females migrate to urban Centres in hunt of employment chances. Social welfare indexs Education The population of primary school traveling kids is projected to increase from 56,484 recorded in 1999 to 65,822 in twelvemonth 2008 stand foring an absolute addition of 16.5 % or 9,338. The challenge for the county during the program period is should hence be enlargement of primary instruction installations and constitution of young person engineering schools to provide for primary school bead outs. The secondary school traveling age group ( 14-17 ) stood at 29,316 during the 1999 Population and Housing Census. It is projected to increase from 34,163 in 2008. This tendency calls for both the enlargement of bing secondary schools and constitution of new 1s as the increased degree of instruction is a pre-quisite to human development and hence poorness decrease. Labour force Harmonizing to 1999 Population and Housing Census, labour force estimations stood at 159,697, stand foring 57 % of the entire population as at that clip. It is projected to increase to 186,596 by the terminal of the twelvemonth 2008. This calls for the creative activity of occupation chances to fit growing. Poverty analysis Harmonizing to the Report on Poverty in Kenya 2000, the figure of people in absolute poorness in Embu was 56 % of the entire population. Embu County Poverty Assessment identifies the landless, the destitute, individual female parents and the slum inhabitants as the subdivisions of the population representing the hapless. The causes of poorness include hapless entree to H2O, unequal substructure, the territory is semi-arid and is characterized by relentless drouth, unemployment of the young person which increases dependence, unavailability to recognition installations etc. Diseases such as HIV/AIDS have made people poorer as most kids are orphaned after their parent ‘s decease. Embu County had 31 wellness installations in 1996. Out of these, 5 are infirmaries, 3 are wellness Centres and 23 are dispensaries. In add-on, there are 84 private clinics. The wellness installations are equally distributed in the County although Central division is better covered because of the presence of the Provincial General Hospital. The infirmary serves as a referral establishment for other Counties. Government provides about 90 % of the wellness attention in the County. Missions and Private Medical practicians provide the remainder of the wellness attention. The ratio of infirmary beds to population is 1:522 while doctor/patient ratio is 1:10,482. The territory has 32 registered clinical officers and 470 nurses. The mean distance to the nearest installation is 10 Km. The top 10 diseases in Embu County are malaria, URTI, tegument diseases, enteric worms, accidents, oculus infections and diarrhea. Others are dental upsets, ear infections and rheumatism. Malaria histories for approximately 30 % of the disease instances in the territory. The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the territory is estimated at 26 per centum. The overall impact of this flagellum will be felt in all sectors. There is, hence, demand for continued creative activity of consciousness. There is besides need for proviso of protective steps and a greater intersectoral coaction at all degrees. At the family, small town and community degrees, HIV/AIDs epidemic has strained societal cloth, overwhelmed traditional support and attention systems and traumatized households. This is a consequence of the addition in figure of AIDs Orphans, swelling figure of street kids in towns and the rush of the figure of the aged destitutes who have lost the adult-children who supported them. The HIV/AIDs pandemic has had negative consequence on the industrial labor and productiveness and has led to increased labor costs. The HIV/AIDs pandemic has besides increased the cost of wellness attention to those infected and affected every bit good as the whole wellness attention system due the increased figure of people seeking intervention for AIDs related timeserving diseases. Population and development The population of Embu County in 2002 was estimated to be 290,312 and was turning at 1.7percent per annum. The effects of this growing rate on the societal and economic development in the territory are manifested in unemployment, high dependence ratio and poorness. There were a sum of 67,406 families with an mean family size of 4. Female-headed families were 16,740 stand foring 24.9 % of the entire population. Poverty degree ( absolute ) in the territory is rather high and stands at 56 % per centum. Embu County Population 2010 Age cohort Year Male Female 0-4 16324 15439 5-9 20022 18785 10-14 22667 21286 15-19 20049 19569 20-24 13396 14989 25-29 10426 12251 30-34 8462 9738 35-39 6987 7881 40-44 5932 6219 45-49 4856 5069 50-54 3755 4236 55-59 2909 3320 60-64 2003 2125 65-69 1644 1804 70-74 1482 1776 75-79 1517 2042 80+ 2631 2967 Entire 145061 149497Main issues/problems in the territoryThe chief issues/problems refering population and development in the territory are hence: ( I ) Population and development. The issue here is weak integrating of population concerns into development planning that is chiefly due to miss of DIDC and stock list of establishments covering with population and development programmes. ( two ) Population and environment. Environment preservation has been one of the major restraints confronting Embu. This is chiefly due to poverty goaded devastation of the environment and unequal enforcement of bing environmental Torahs taking to environmental debasement and Poor waste disposal methods. ( three ) Young person and Children. High unemployment rate, high rate of school bead out for young person ( both sexes ) after induction ( Circumcision ) , lifting incidences of drug maltreatment and immorality among the young person, , high rate of early matrimonies and gestations and malnutrition taking to scrawny growing in kids are the major concerns impacting young person and kids. Children have no rights to protection, whereas the figure of orphans is on the addition. ( four ) Family. Irresponsible ingestion of spirits taking to household instability ; increased Numberss of individual parentage ; force in the household taking to separation/divorce, increased orphans, widow and widowmans were some of the issues that affected households in Embu. ( V ) Elderly and People with Disabilities. Problems confronting aged people and people with disablements include increased poorness, increased rates of forsaking of aged individuals and PWD ‘s, unequal shelter and wellness for the aged and PWD ‘s and stigmatisation of people with disablement Analysis of instutions involved in population programmes The undermentioned institutions/NGOs/CBOs/Ministries were identified as best suited to set about programmes to turn to the population and development issues raised above ; Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Home Affairs ( DSDO ) , Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Ministry of Environment, Local Community and NGOs – ( FIDA, MYWO etc ) & A ; Religious Organizations. The tabular array below outlines the consequences of the SWOT analysis for the chief establishments that are expected to implement population and development issues: MOH, CBS, DCR, DDO, DSO, DALEO and, OOP. Integration of population variables in the development procedure Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Planning & A ; National Development – Highly trained forces – Handiness of fiscal resources -logistical support -Mismanagement of the available resources – Poor motivated staff -Poor execution of the planned activities -Expanded web -Donor support -Competition for financess from -NGOS and spiritual organisations Population and environment Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry Of Environment And Natural Resources – well trained forces – available fiscal resources – logistical support – clear policy guidelines -low morale of staff – low committedness to work – international support from bureaus like UNEP – transitions and expanded web – High population growing rate may take to environmental debasement – Nongovernmental organization may give contradictory messages to the communities they are functioning Children and young person Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministries of Education Science & A ; Technology, Home Affairs & A ; National Heritage and Labour & A ; Manpower Development NGOs – FPAK, Kenya Scouts, -Trained Forces – Logistic Support – Being of Institutions That Provide Education To Children And Youth – Strong Legal Backing – Resources – Highly Trained/ Motivated Personnel – Strong Mgt off programmes – Lack Of Poor Implementation Of Planned Programmes – Poor Enforcement Of The Laid Down Law – Inadequate Resources – Ill Motivated Staff – Poor Sustainability Of Programmes – Limited Coverage Of Programmes Being Implemented – Strong Government Support – Strong Donor Support – Strong Donor Support – Community Support For Programmes/Projects – Government Support – Being Of Expanded Network – High Poverty Levels Of The People Which Affects Child Care – High Hiv/Aids Prevalence Leading To High Mortality – Illiteracy Of The People – Donor Dependence 4.Family Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS AND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION – Trained Personnel, – Wide Coverage Favoured by Donor Community – Inadequate Staff, -Inadequate Logistic Support – Good Networking And Collaborations -Donor And Community Support – High staff abrasion – Transportation of Staff Aged and people with disablement Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS ( DSDO ) -Adequate Office Accommodation, – Available Resource Centre, -Sufficient Logistics & A ; -Inadequate Staff, -Services Are Concentrated In Some Partss Of The District – Donor Support, – GOK Support, – Good Networking With Other Stakeholders – Sustainability Of Programmes, – Poor Community Participation Gender positions in development Gender can be defined as the function, rights and duties that civilization and society attach to persons harmonizing to whether they are male or female which translates into privileges enjoyed by their sex. Normally society attaches values, norms and functions to males and female that causes gender disparities that are seen in all domains of life. These disparities include marginalisation of adult females in instruction, income and belongings rights and deficiency of recognition In Embu County the undermentioned issues related to gender were identified: Main issues/problems oˆ‚? Reversal of functions in old age taking to depression of the aged work forces oˆ‚? Preferential ( prejudice ) intervention of male childs. oˆ‚? Low engagement of work forces in farm and off farm activities. Analysis of establishments covering with gender The cardinal establishments that can cover with the gender issues mentioned above in the territory are ; MOEST, MOH, FPAK, DSDO, MYWO, Churches, Provincial Administration, Children Department. A SWOT analysis of the chief establishments ( DSDO, DALEO and CBO ) that can turn to gender concerns in the territory revealed the followers: Gender position in development Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Non-Governmental Organizations ( MYWO ) – Strong web – possesses committed forces – there are ongoing undertakings which are successful – fiscal support from community and givers – the organisation supports chiefly adult females – the organisation is politicized at the lower degree – has goodwill from the local communities – giver support – political intervention – competition from NCWK Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Home Affairs, Heritage & A ; Sports – Hour angle fiscal resources for programmes and activities – has the legal backup – qualified forces up to lower degree – low morale of staff – deficiency of equipment to ease better working environment – bureaucratism in determination devising – expanded web to the locational degree – competition in execution of activities from MYWO and NCWK Generative wellness ( RH ) Generative Health ( RH ) as defined by World Health Organization ( WHO ) , is by and large a province of complete physical, mental, and societal well being in all affairs related to the RH system, and non simply the absence of disease or frailty. RH attention system therefore is inclusive of all promotive, preventative and healing services that will be contributing to the well being of the person in human reproduction and gender. In Mbeere County, different facets of proviso of generative wellness services were found to be desiring. Issues/problems related to Reproductive Health ( RH ) oˆ‚? Despite Embu County holding over 31 wellness installations, several jobs impacting generative wellness were highlighted. These include: oˆ‚? Inadequate attention and support for those septic and affected by HIV/AIDS oˆ‚? Inadequate no. of specialised fact-finding equipment in wellness installations oˆ‚? Inadequate wellness forces in the territory oˆ‚? Lack of young person friendly and male merely clinics in the territory oˆ‚? High incidence of FGM in the County. oˆ‚? Low usage of rubbers due to miss of sufficient instruction. Analysis of cardinal establishments involved in RH services An analysis ( SWOT Analysis ) of the cardinal establishments involved in RH services and STI/HIV/AIDs identified the Ministry of Health and the Office of the President as the key establishments that deal with the Reproductive Health Services in Embu County. Other groups that deal with RH STI/HIV/AIDs are the DSDO and NGOs. The SWOT analysis of MOH and other chief suppliers of Reproductive Health services are as follows: Generative Health ( RH ) Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces MoH – Sustainability of ongoing programmes – expanded web of activities – extremely motivated and committed staff – available fiscal resources – strong corporate image – uncertain when givers pull out – limited coverage of activities to certain countries merely – poorness of the general population taking to non usage of the available services – there is community support for the programmes/projects authorities support – political intervention – competition from NCWK – competition for clients from other NGOS/private sector STI/HIV/AIDS One of the RH concerns that have continued to impact a big population of Kenyans in their generative ages is STI/HIV/AIDS. In Embu District HIV prevalence is of great concern. Unless the spread of HIV/AIDs is checked the territory faces an at hand catastrophe. The civilization beliefs and poorness in the community are some of the major factors that have contributed to the rise in infection rate in the territory. The issue/problems that require pressing attending include: – Main issues/problems Issues/problems that require pressing and conjunct attempts in the territory are: oˆ‚? High incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS oˆ‚? slow behavioral alteration oˆ‚? inadequate attention and support for orphans Analysis of establishments that trades with HIV /AIDS issues The Ministry of Health, NACC, OP, NGOs ( YWCA, KESPA ) and spiritual organisations ( ACK ) were identified as major establishments that can spearhead the battle against HIV/AIDs. A SWOT analysis of MOH/NCC revealed the followers: and fiscal facets of the programmes as summarized in the tabular array below: – Integration of population variables in the development procedure Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Ministry of Health, NACC – Expanded web to the grass root degrees and communities – extremely qualified forces – handiness of fiscal resources – hapless direction of available resources – deficiency of confidentiality of information particularly those septic – giver support for programmes and activities – community support for projects/programmes – expensive drugs, which can non be purchased by those septic – high poorness degrees of the population – deficiency of acceptance/stigmatization of those septic Institution Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Non Governmental Organizations ( MYWO, KCS, ACK, FPAK ) – Qualified and committed forces – available fiscal resources – have web to rural countries – hapless coordination of programme execution – hapless direction of resources allocated for activities – sustainability of programmes in uncertainty – have an expanded web that can be exploited for their benefit – community support strong – there is authorities support for programmes – over dependance on giver support – competition among NGOs for donor support of activities 3.0 Chapter Three: GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF OPINION POLL Develop realistic, specific and mensurable aims that identify PSC ‘ outlooks. The adviser will: a ) Identify ultimate Embu County place being sought B ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable aim that identify Leadership anticipated impact on consciousness, credence and action of each cardinal constittuent to the prospective campaigner degree Celsiuss ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the campaigner quality Table Drumhead Contentss of a logical model A Narrative Summary Verifiable Indexs Meanss of Confirmation Important Premises Goal: Develop realistic, specific and mensurable aims that identify PSC communicating outlooks. At the Agreement degree, within the period of this undertaking ( estimated clip ) A -Promotion of â€Å" bottom line † favorable public policy result A -Reduction cost of making run A -Support campaigning/operational effectivity Components will Support sentiment canvass cardinal implementers A -The program can be implemented given the resources, and civilization of the organisation Purpose: to incorporate all the PSC communicating plans, public instruction and protagonism attempts. A sentiment canvass planning Model A Proposed sentiment canvass Strategy: A sentiment canvass Program Plan Opinion canvass Components Plans -Goals set, mark audiences, strategic consequences identified A Programs, – Substantive and operational precedences and attacks defined – sentiment canvass plan direction, and plan resources set to implement the scheme -Implementation programs for sentiment canvass Should incarnate an iterative, orderly sentiment canvass procedure Should include audience with constitutional Key authorization and cardinal implementers Must reflect the cooporation and necessitate for/development attitude civilization, End products: constitutional sentiment. -Key scheme that provides the model for Opinion canvass related work of the county -Data collected from the component sentiment canvass study Correct and nonsubjective consequences Activities: a ) Identify and analyse the component with whom the county service and county leading interaction ( cleavage ) B ) Identify wants, footings, and outlooks degree Celsius ) Identify component demand vitamin D ) Identify societal, economic, political, cultural and technological trendsoutputs. vitamin E ) Identify ultimate County place being sought degree Fahrenheit ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable sentiment canvass objectives that identify Leadership anticipated impact on consciousness, leading credence and action of each cardinal public degree Fahrenheit ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the prospective campaigner development issue during the sentiment canvass g ) Determine the grade to which stated sentiment canvass aims have been met A identify concerns, precedences, issues, consensus Coevals of relevant cognition that will assist in Opinion canvass -All components A -Anyone who will be â€Å" at the tabular array † to O.K. strategic planning proposition A – All cardinal Implementers A – Parties who will be called on to implement the scheme 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: Action Plan Create action programs and way for the organisation activity and cardinal messages. Measure 1: Develop Messages Messages are closely tied to end and aims. They deliver of import information about the issue and oblige the targeted audience to believe, experience, or act. They will: Show the importance, urgency, or magnitude of the issue Show the relevancy of the issue Put a â€Å" face † on the issue Be tied to specific audience values, beliefs, or involvements of the audience Reflect an apprehension of what would actuate the audience to believe, experience, or act Be culturally relevant and sensitive Be Memorable The messages developed by utilizing the worksheet provided in this annexure will be used in many ways. First, they are a set of statements that adviser and squad agree upon as conveying the cardinal information for PSC enterprise. They will non include all the item and back uping thoughts and informations that PSC may utilize in printed stuffs or other signifiers of communicating. The messages developed in the worksheets will go the implicit in subjects for your stuffs and activities. A motto will be developed based on them. Sets of speaking points will be developed will be usage in doing presentations. And they easy become the footing for wireless and print PSAs, the generation for postings, and may propose subjects for fact sheets, drop-in articles, and even letters to the editor or newspaper columns. Measure 2: Considerations for Questionnaire Construction Using effectual communicating Find cardinal fact about the components. Consideration of what will to be done at assorted phases. This will include determination about the Questionnaire design and Construction, beginning who will administrate the Questionnaire to the cardinal components ( tone, content, tone and manner, verbal and non verbal cue ) . Clarity-Questions must clearly Constructed assure the populace ‘s apprehension and to restrict the alterations for misinterpretation or inappropriate reply. Readability trials can assist find the reading degree required to understand drafted inquiries and aid authors to be painstaking about the choice of words and phrases. Consistency of subtopics-In an ideal universe there would be specific consensus on the significance of new findings, and all messages on a peculiar subject would be consistent. Unfortunately, consistence is sometimes elusive. The information in each subdivision will be analysed differentlyto make sense of the topic. Main points-The chief points should be stressed, repeated, and ne'er hidden within less strategically of import inquiries. Tone and appeal-A message should be reassuring, dismaying, disputing, or straightforward, depending upon the coveted impact and the mark audience. Messages should besides be true, honest and every bit complete as possible. Credibility-The helpers research worker should be credible and trusty. Public need-For a questionnaire to interrupt through the â€Å" information jumble † of society, the inquiries will be based on what the mark audience perceives as most of import to them, what they want to cognize about their prospective leader, and non what is most of import or most interesting to the arising County. Prior to concluding production, the questionnaire will be pretested with the mark audiences to guarantee public apprehension andfor intended responses. The adviser will first analyze what are the barriers and benefits to Embu County component thought, feeling, or moving on issue, what alteration in attitude toward ( the manner they feel about the issue county leading ) do County leading want to actuate in its components to run into its end, and eventually what alteration in the leading behaviour ( daily actions ) the county is seeking to accomplish. based on what the components know about past history, for them to to hear in order to believe, experience or move. This is because obliging inquiries will be used to actuate the component thereof to the candidate.. Chapter FOUR: IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIC Plan Implement the Plan Measure 1: Develop time-line and budget to implement the Opinion canvass. Many tools will be used for forming about clip, fundss, and staff needed to implement an enterprise. The undermentioned stairss will be usage to find execution of timeline, budget and staffing demands: a ) Develop budget and agenda B ) Prepare to implement the sentiment canvass Research programme Measure 2: 1. Listing all activities 2. Sketching the stairss under each activity, , in order, that will take to its completion 3. Delegating a budget estimation to each measure 4. Delegating a staffing needs estimation to each measure 5. working backwards from the activity completion point, delegate a day of the month for each measure in the activity. Table: Embu County sentiment canvass Strategic plan Citation No Phase Activity Schedule/ Time ( Weeks ) Cost ( Kshs. ) 1 Phase one: formative research Measure 1: Analyzing state of affairs ( contrivers, clients, co-workers, ultimate decision-makers, moneymans ) Measure 2: Analyzing Organization a ) Internal environment ( mission, vision and resources ) B ) Public perceptual experience and repute degree Celsius ) External environment ( rivals, oppositions and protagonists ) Measure 3: Analyzing populace a ) Identify and analyse the populace with whom the organisation interact ( cleavage ) B ) Identify wants, footings, and outlooks degree Celsius ) Identify demand for engagement in communicating vitamin D ) Identify societal, economic, political, cultural and technological tendencies 1 1 2 50,000 100,000 100,000 4 250,000 2 Phase two: strategic research Measure 4: Establishing ends and aims a ) Identify ultimate organisation place being sought B ) Develop clear and specific and mensurable aim that identify organisation anticipated impact on consciousness, credence and action of each cardinal public degree Celsiuss ) Give attending to the cardinal nonsubjective covering with credence of the message Measure 5: Explicating action and response schemes ( consideration of what is to be done at assorted phases ) Measure 6: Using effectual communicating a ) Decision about the message, beginning who will show the message to the cardinal populaces, tone, content, tone and manner, verbal and non verbal cue, 1/2 1/2 1 50,000 50,000 100,000 2 200,000 3 Phase three: Tacticss ( consideration of assorted communicating tools including seeable elements ) Step7: Choosing communicating tactics ( inventory trades with assorted communicating options ) a ) Face-to-face communicating and chances for personal engagement B ) Organizational media ( controlled media ) degree Celsiuss ) New media ( uncontrolled media ) vitamin D ) Ad and promotional media ( controlled media ) Measure 8: Implementing strategic program a ) Develop budget and agenda B ) Prepare to implement the communicating programme 1 2 200,000 200,000 3 400,000 4 Phase four: Appraising research ( rating and appraisal ) Measure 1: Measuring strategic program a ) Determine the grade to which stated aims have been met B ) Modify and go on with the communicating activity 1 50,000 1 50,000 5 Grand Total 8 900,000 .. Continued Appendix II: Survey tool ( Questionnaire ) Section A: Election Make you O.K. or disapprove of the occupation Embu County is making as County with devolve powers? Approve Disapprove Do n't cognize Make you O.K. or disapprove of the occupation County leading is making? Approve Disapprove Do n't cognize Right now, how interested are you in the 2012 senator election in the Embu County? Are you: Highly interested Very interested Slightly interested Not at all interested Which one of the undermentioned issues will be the most of import in make up one's minding your ballot for Senator? State how you agree. Issue Strongly hold Agree Disagree Strong disagree Economy Occupations security Health attention Immigration Taxs Ethics/government corruptness Environment Education Development Others ( Please stipulate ) †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Do n't cognize If the 2012 Senator primary were held today, for whom would you vote if the campaigners were ( For mention: were the lone picks in the Senator primary, how would you vote? ( NAMES ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which candidate do you believe has the best opportunity of being elected for the place of a senator for the Embu County in 2012 the general election? If the 2012 senator primary were held today, for whom would you vote if the campaigners were: ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ( Do n't cognize ) If ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE of pick ) were the lone picks in the county primary, how would you vote? ( ROTATE ) ( Do n't cognize ) Thinking in front to the following general election, if the 2012 general election were held today for whom would you vote if the campaigners were: Which senator campaigner do you believe is more likely to make anything — including something unethical — to win the election? ( RANDOMIZE PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ( Do n't cognize ) Section B: Position ON SENSITIVITY AND CAPABILITY CANDIDATE Which senator campaigner do you believe is more likely to make anything — including something anticipated — to win the election ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) ? Which senator campaigner do you believe is most prepared to get down taking the state on twenty-four hours one of taking office? ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which senator campaigner do you believe is the most positive? ( RANDOMIZE ) Regardless of how you plan to vote, which senator campaigner do you believe is the most likely to make something that would abash the county? ( RANDOMIZE PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Do you believe ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) is doing unjust onslaughts against the rival ( s ) ? ( ROTATE NEXT QUESTIONS harmonizing to PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES ) Yes No Do n't cognizeFrom a gender position, do you believe it is more hard for adult females to acquire in front in today ‘s universe? ( ROTATE )Yes. No. Both the same Neither Do n't cognizeDo you believe the ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) run tried to utilize ethnicity as an issue against the Minority?Yes No Do n't Know In respect to the Embu County, and in peculiar the degeneration of authorities, who do you believe benefits most from the recent new fundamental law promulgaration? Presidential Senator components No 1 Do n't cognize Do you believe your pick senator should be, or non be held at all the clip, responsible, and accountable for whatever, is decided, implemented and the subsequent result in the county? Yes, No Do n't cognize Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ If Senators were elected for Embu County, who do you believe your pick would truly be Senator? Yes No Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Do you believe the senator would be in truly be in charge, or would at that place be a carbon monoxide senatorship? Would truly be in charge co-senator ship Do n't cognize Briefly explain†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. If ( YOUR PROSPECTIVIVE CANDIDATE ) of were elected Senator and got into a hard County policy state of affairs with another leader, would you anticipate the senator to leap in to support the manner PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) has been making on the run trail? Yes No Do n't cognize Section C: INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENT PROSPECTS IN REGARD BACKGROUND How would you rate your personal fiscal state of affairs by voting you campaigner of pick? excellent, good, merely just hapless Do n't cognize A twelvemonth from now, do you believe your personal fiscal state of affairs will be better worse Better Lapp Do n't cognize ) Have you personally felt a downward tendency in the economic system or do you believe that ‘s merely something intelligence newsmans are speaking about? Personally felt downswing Merely something intelligence newsmans talk about Neither Do n't cognize The Parliament is presently debating an economic growing bundle that could Include, a revenue enhancement discount wellness insurance of a few 100 shillings. If you received a revenue enhancement discount in the following few months, what do you believe you would make with the money — save it or pass it? Salvage it Spend it Spend some salvage some Do n't cognize Section C: Political Designation Many will hold that, political parties, current political issues and the campaigners that are up for election are the cardinal factors that determine citizens ‘ ballot picks. When you think about political relations, do you believe of yourself pick as dependant of, Partiality and political orientation Party Identification and Ideological party Orientations Individual campaigner – degree grounds Do n't cognize How do you experience near to one of the parties? ( LIST PARTIES ) . Do believe of ego as near to any peculiar party? † If NO: identifiers ( â€Å" yes † ) Make experience self a small closer to one of the parties than the others? â€Å" ( sympathisers ) Do n't cognize, no reply mugwumps ( aˆzno, non near † ) Let me advert some people who have said that they will seek the nomination for SenatorShip in Embu. ( Prospective Campaigner ) . If the following Embu primary for senator were being held today, for which one of the undermentioned campaigners would you vote? ( If â€Å" non certain, † ask: ) Well, which manner do you tilt? Now I ‘d wish to inquire a few inquiries specifically about ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) Let me read you a figure of features and inquire you to measure ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) on each one. For each point, delight state me whether you feel positive about negative about her, or whether you have impersonal or assorted feelings about her. Please State how positive you experience? Feel Positive Feel Negative Have Neutral/Mixed Feelingss Not Certain Please remark on about your ( Prospective Campaigner ) Experience and competency†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. Valuess and character†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Warmth and compassion†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Personality and manner†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . Her places on the issues†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Asked of on behalf the respondents ( FORM A ) . In footings of ( PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) attack to the issues, do you believe as PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATE ) being broad, centrist, conservative in the attack to the issues ( IF â€Å" LIBERAL † OR â€Å" CONSERVATIVE, † ASK for account: ) And do you believe that is really ( liberal/conservative ) or slightly ( liberal/conservative ) in her attack to the issues? State how broad. Preposition /Candidate Very broad Very broad Slightly broad Slightly conservative Moderate Very conservative Not certain