Sunday, December 29, 2019

The Five Ways By St. Thomas Aquinas - 996 Words

For centuries The Five Ways, drawn from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa Theologica have been studied, scrutinized, and at the epicenter of heated debate. When St. Thomas wrote this section of his ground breaking essay what he ultimately was claiming, was that through philosophy and observation, there is a way to see how the natural world points to there in fact being a God. Although to some it may seem absurd, modern day science based upon observation and experimentation, does not completely discredit or debunk the first, second, third, and fifth arguments from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Five Ways, but rather it suggests substantial evidential credibility, in regards to his theories on God’s existence.Concepts, theories, and laws drawn from the†¦show more content†¦The first argument derives from motion. This argument holds incredible significance for the following reasons, including that St. Thomas Aquinas inadvertently draws attention to the connection between how modern day science lends legitimate evidence, to the creation story, suggesting a degree of accuracy.Thomas Aquinas states the following â€Å"It is cert ain and evident to our senses that in the world some things are in motion. Now whatever is in motion is put in motion by another for nothing can be in motion except it is in potentiality towards which is in motion†(CTR p. 335). Despite the fact that St. Thomas Aquinas lived an estimated 400 years before the great scientist Sir Isaac Newton and his laws of physics, he had a relatively accurate concept of what motion is and its nature in regards to the world around us. After all, motion, or movement, is the active changing of physical location, state, or position (Merriam Webster). If one refers to its physical science definition, the term of â€Å"motion† becomes a little more complex but remains relevant: motion is the conversion of one form of energy to another form of energy, such as potential energy changing to kinetic energy (Encyclopedia Britannica). Everything in existence has energy to some degree, whether it is potential or kinetic and all matter is made of ener gy according to Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. With this in mind, according toShow MoreRelatedSt. Thomas Aquinas s Five Ways And William Paley s Argument Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pageswill be writing about St. Thomas Aquinas’s â€Å"Five ways† and William Paley’s â€Å"Teleological argument†. I will be looking into the difference between the two philosophers who both believe in God but have two different approaches on how they can both prove that God does exist. I would like to look deeper into the difference between the two and to see whose theory of Gods existence is more logical with the least arguments. I will be looking at two of Aquinas’s laws two and five, Aquinas says we experienceRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesSt. Thomas Aquinas, was a Dominican monk, who generally one of the greatest Scholastic writers of all times. He used ancient philosophy to prove religious propositions. One of the ancient philosophers that St. Thomas Aquinas used to prove religious facts was Aristotle. One of the greatest works that Aristotle did was to prove that god really exists. St. Thomas Aquinas used the forms that Aristotle and Plato used to prove the same philosophical question, does god really exist? St. Thomas AquinasRead MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas On The Existence Of God1338 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus primarily to proving the existence of God, as well as other religious tenets they held. Two Saints of the Catholic Church, St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, developed their own respective proofs for the existence of God. These proofs have gained fame over the subsequent centuries and still face debate and comparison today. Although both St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas both offer proofs for the existence of God, the proofs differ drastically due to the distinct argumentative methods utilizedRead MoreAn Examination Into The Respective Proofs Of St. Aquinas1288 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Respective Proofs of St. Anselm and St. Aquinas During the Medieval Period, philosophers shifted their focus primarily to proving the existence of God, as well as other religious tenets. Two Saints of the Catholic Church, St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas, developed their own respective proofs for the existence of God. These proofs have gained fame over the subsequent centuries and still face debate and comparison today. Although both St. Anselm and St. Thomas Aquinas offer proofs for the existenceRead More Thomas Aquinas Work to Prove the Existence of God Essays1013 Words   |  5 PagesBeing a devout Christian, Thomas Aquinas naturally believed in God, but he wanted to prove Gods existence to those who could not accept things on faith alone. As a result he made five proofs, which he claims, prove the existence of God. With each proof there is always a beginning, a starting point, Aquinas claims it must be God that is the beginning of each. The first proof does not do complete justice to Aquinas’s claim that God exist, while the fifth proof could be used alone to prove Gods existenceRead MoreThe Existence Of God s Existence1339 Words   |  6 Pagessought out topic that is frequently inquired. Is there really a God or is God merely a concept humans created to explain the unexplainable? And if God does exist, what makes him different from the rest of us? A well-known philosopher, St. Thomas Aquinas, introduced five proofs including the Cosmological Arguments of God’s existence, as well as explained some divine qualities that are associated with God. The nature of God’s existence is often questioned by many. Some believe that there is a God, whileRead MoreThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Comolli Study Of St. Thomas Aquinas Research Paper 11/23/2014 The lifelong goal of Saint Thomas Aquinas was to clearly elaborate the independence of philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. Read MoreSt. Thomas Aquinas On The Existence Of God1048 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Thomas Aquinas is considered to be one of the greatest minds of the western world as well as one of the greatest theologians. In his work Summa Theologica, which he revised many times over the course of his life, he explored the existence of God, and there are essentially five ways in which St. Thomas Aquinas argues the existence of God. The first way is the argument from change, the second way is the argument from causation, the third argument is the argument from possibility and nec essity,Read MoreSaint Thomas Aquinas Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesSaint Thomas Aquinas I chose to write about Saint Thomas Aquinas because I have heard of his life and found it interesting. There was also a large pool of knowledge to research from, about Saint Thomas Aquinas. I also knew he is called Doctor of the church and I wanted to learn more about that. I was interested in Saint Thomas Aquinas because he was misunderstood by his peers and was also called the Dumb Ox. I wanted to understand how someone can be so misunderstood stood and beRead MoreAristotle s Five Ways Of The Existence Of God1354 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval philosopher St. Thomas Aquinas, who is most famously known for combining principles of faith and reason into a philosophy known as Thomism. The â€Å"five ways† of proofing the existence of God, which is Article three, of Question 2, of part I, of his â€Å"Summa Theologià ¦Ã¢â‚¬ , gives five different ways of proofing the existence of God. In this essay, the five ways of Aquinas will be explained. The first way of proofing the existence of God is an argument based on motion. Aquinas notes that our senses

Saturday, December 21, 2019

How Basketball Has Changed Over The Years Essay - 1128 Words

Over 30 million people play basketball in America and it is one of fastest growing sports in the world (Lynn). It is an exciting and a very intense sport to play and watch. Most people, however, do not know how or when it was created. The purpose of this paper is to inform people about when basketball was created, how much it has changed over the years, and to talk about some of the most influential players who ever played this amazing sport. In 1891, James Naismith was a gym teacher at the local YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts (Boerg). After many years of teaching there, he wanted to come up with a new game that the kids would enjoy to play, that was not violent like football. After many attempts at bringing in a new game and his students rejecting him he had to sit down and think very hard about something new. He thought about all the games the kids enjoyed playing like soccer, football, and kickball and wondered how a game could be played with those combined but not be violent. So he sat down in his office and began writing down rules and figuring out a new game. The following day, he had the janitors go into the basement of the YMCA and collect two old peach baskets, two ladders and a soccer ball (Boerg). When the students arrived at school, they joked about how here is another game that is not going to be any fun, but after they started to play this new game, they actually really enjoyed it (Boerg). Another teacher at the school went up to James and asked what theShow MoreRelatedHow Did College Basketball Form And How Has It Changed Over The Years?925 Words   |  4 PagesHow did college basketball form and how has it changed over the years? Basketball is one of the most watched or frequently played sport in history, on top of soccer, football, or baseball. In this essay, I will answer the question, and tell about some important events in basketball history. Basketball started in 1891. It has now grown into one of the most popular sports in history. Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian James W. Naismith. An instructor at the YMCA Training SchoolRead MoreThe Popularity Of Popular Culture1369 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluencing minds to like something. It describes the life style and tastes of the majority of mostly younger people. Some random popular culture these past few years would be; The Hunger Games, dubstep, raving, Illuminati theories, The Simpsons, Family Guy, Gucci, Polo, and these are just a few things from popular culture these past years. Popular culture affected me in many ways. I would say comic books and super hero movies impacted me the most. Being grown with my mom and dad buying me MarvelRead MoreSpeech On The Game Of Basketball1118 Words   |  5 PagesPreparation I. General Purpose: To inform II. Specific Purpose: To inform the class on how to shoot a basketball. III. Central Idea: The game of basketball has greatly changed since it was invented, but one thing remains constant: You need to know how to shoot a basketball. Introduction I. Open with Impact: The game of basketball is a multimillion-dollar industry and is an easy sport to play. The sport has gained worldwide popularity because it can be played competitively or just for fun. II.Read MoreA Heated Competitive Nature Of Basketball1053 Words   |  5 Pagesheated competitive nature in my household over anything and everything. Notably when the competition at hand was the sport of basketball. Growing up basketball was more than a game, it was a way of life. My brothers and I analyzed every aspect of basketball, we were students of the game. I recall the 2008 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, there was this undersized point guard playing for Davidson College by the name of Stephen Curry. This kid took the basketball world by storm, he became an overnightRead MoreHow Basketball Has Changed The World1570 Words   |  7 Pages The History of Basketball Have you ever wondered how basketball was created? Have you ever questioned how basketball has evolved into becoming one of the most popular sports in the world? Basketball evolved from a simple sport played in one gym to now being more complex and played in gyms all over the world. It was Dr. James Naismith who first created the basics of basketball. When he first made the game, no one could have imagined the games success and spread throughout the entire world. Read MoreEarvin Johnson is Magic on the Basketball Court1795 Words   |  7 Pagesearly 90s. The 1980s is known to many people as NBA’s best decade. This era featured a combination of the best style of basketball, as well as some of the greatest players of all time. Magic Johnson headlined this elite group of players. Because of the immense amount of talent in the game at this time period, basketball was emerging as a big part of a lot of people’s lives. Basketball was growing in popularity and was becomi ng one of America’s favorite sports to watch. Magic Johnson only made this sportRead MoreEssay about The Origin of the Game of Basketball1391 Words   |  6 Pagesout. Down by 2, the team has a chance to win the game. The whistle blows and the clock winds down, 5...The ball is passed in†¦4†¦the point guard dribbles around the key†¦3†¦the ball is passed to the shooting guard†¦2†¦the shooting guard passes it back to the point guard†¦1†¦the point guard shoots from behind the 3-point line†¦0. Countless fans across the globe may get thrills while watching an intense minor or professional basketball game, although, few actually know where or how this widely popular sportRead MoreBall Dont Lie Essay888 Words   |  4 Pageslife in an orphanage. Throughout the years he has changed foster parents, but has never found the right one. Sticky is passionate about basketball and is known to be a prodigy at what he does. He strives to be the bes t at what he does and would play endlessly at Lincoln Rec. The people around liked him and had a good reputation at school. Then again like all others in the streets he had a past and it wasn’t the best. It consisted of his passion for basketball, he didn’t have a father and his motherRead MoreHis Airness Michael Jordan759 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout all the years I have been involved with sports, I’ve learned Michael Jordan is one of the most prolific athletes of his time. We define success as achieving wealth, respect, or fame, and Jordan has accomplished more than most men will even attempt in their lifetime. Some try and compare today’s superstar athletes such as LeBron James, and Kobe Bryant with the great Michael Jordan, but I am here to tell you that is impossible. Jordan changed the game and made it what it is today. Jordan’sRead MoreHistory of Basketball Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pages The game of basketball is recognizable high scho ol or the NBA. The sport is very popular and is played worldwide. Everyone may also know the sport from some names of basketball stars. Maybe the names Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Dr. J, Lebron James, Kobe Bryant, or Carmelo Anthony ring a bell. They are all outstanding players of the game and have a significant understanding of how the game is played. Basketball has changed alot overtime and has become one of Americas most played sports. It

Friday, December 13, 2019

The Dare Free Essays

My head begins to ache as I lie back thinking about how I got here, the lumps in this uncomfortable bed dig into my back. I wonder how I can possibly manage to think with these various machines that bleep continuously and kindly faces that keep coming to check my temperature and whatever else they need. They keep asking â€Å"Are you alright, duck?† I mean seriously, do I look like I’m alright? I’m covered in cuts and bruises and from what I’ve heard the doctors telling my anxious parents they are not going to be able to reattach my severed leg to the chaos of tangled nerves and muscle in the bloody stump just above my left knee. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dare or any similar topic only for you Order Now I begin to rock slowly back and forwards in silent reaction to the ache radiating from my stump and the memory of that night comes slowly back to me. ***** It was a fairly inconsequential day in the middle of the long, lingering summer holidays when the accident happened; we were all really bored and could not think of anything remotely interesting to do that we hadn’t done at least a hundred times already, finally after about an hour of turning down bad ideas and sitting thinking in a frustrating silence for something that wouldn’t be sneered at, someone suggested we play dares. Everyone appeared to be pleased with that idea so that is what we decided to do, but even then I had my doubts because I knew what my friends where like and I don’t want to sound boring but I didn’t particularly want to put me or others in danger with the kind of dares I knew my friends would come up with. It started off fairly innocently with people being dared to do silly little childish things like knocking on people’s doors and running away, flashing your bum out of the window and a range of others like that, you know the sort. Until someone, no doubt thinking they were being grown up and funny, dared Georgia to jump off the balcony. She was obviously smarter than we gave her credit for because she refused blankly, saying that it was dangerous and we’d get ourselves killed, but we all ignored her and told her that if she didn’t like what we were doing to shut up and go away. Looking back I wish I had taken her advice and left with her. Anyway our group began to run out of ideas so we decided to walk around looking for inspiration for the next dare which would be mine. We ambled around the nearby areas and came across a bridge over a road that was busy in the rush hour but mostly unused by cars at night and Laura squealed the fatal words â€Å"I’ve thought of an amazing dare†. My stomach turned as the rest of the group discussed the details of my dare and a little voice in my head repeated Georgia’s warning from earlier â€Å"You’re going to get yourselves killed†. I know what your thinking, voices in my head I must be clinically insane, but it must have been my conscience or something like that. Whatever it was I should have taken more notice. My friends told me after about five minutes of deciding, what my dare would entail; I was to jump off the bridge when it got dark and in the small likelihood of a vehicle passing under it I was to try and avoid being hit. To them it all seemed so simple; someone would stand underneath to tell me when the road was clear and then I would jump, but the nagging voice in my brain wouldn’t cease. Yet I didn’t want to voice my concerns and appear a coward, so I just nodded and arranged to meet them there later. I don’t know how I managed to talk myself into turning up at the bridge that night or how I forced my self to laugh as I looked down from the ledge I was standing on and prepared to jump but somehow I did. My legs shook as I waited for the signal to jump. I tried to ignore the voice echoing in my brain, but I couldn’t back down now. My pride wouldn’t let me. My friend called up to me â€Å"It’s all clear now. Jump† so I closed my eyes, held my breath and leapt off the ledge. I felt myself falling quickly like a stone for what seemed like ages. I opened my eyes and screamed. Blurred colours flashed past me. Coming towards me I saw a blinding, bright light steadily speeding towards me. The sound of an engine reached my ears. My heart raced as I saw in slow motion what was going to happen to me. It came closer and closer not slowing. â€Å"Can’t they see me, can’t they stop?† I thought, â€Å"If they don’t slow down they’re going to hit me†. My life flashed before my eyes and my heart pounded like a thousand drums. The last thing I thought before I felt myself finally hit something was; â€Å"Oh my god I’m going to die† I came around and I was almost blinded by the bright lights that surrounded me and was vaguely aware of what sounded like people screaming. As my eyes slowly came into focus I looked around me and my so called ‘friends’ were nowhere to be seen†¦. I suddenly felt an excruciating pain coming from my left thigh. I stared dazed for a moment at the torrent of blood gushing from my leg and the distorted mess ten feet away that used to be the other part of it. I went into shock and passed out. Hours later I awoke in the hospital with my worried family beside me and the doctors filled me in on what had happened; as I had jumped from the bridge a car had been heading towards me from underneath it. Just before I hit the road I bounced off the bonnet of the car and which couldn’t stop in time and ran over me causing my leg to get caught up in the wheel of the car and dragged along the road, which caused the bone to snap and break away from my body leaving me lying bleeding on the road behind it. When the ambulances arrived there had been no sign of my ‘friends’. ***** So that’s where I am now, sitting in my hospital bed and contemplating what would have happened if I had just listened to myself and not let my pride take over. But that’s what happens when you take on stupid dares. How to cite The Dare, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Dream world Fatalities Business & Society †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Dream World Fatalities Business Society? Answer: Introduction The incident that happened at Dreamworld theme park was an unfortunate incident. The incidences like this have a great impact on society. The people may forget the incident in the time to come; however, the impact of these incidents remains high on the mind of people in the society. It can be said that the society at large is influenced by these incidents (Colleoni, 2013). The objective of this paper is to discuss the issue of Dreamworld theme park in detail. The paper would discuss the key issues and the key stakeholders. The paper would also discuss the issue as presented in the media. A brief background the incident can be discussed as: Incident background The issue or the incident happened on 27th Oct 2016 when a ride in the Dreamworld theme park malfunctioned. The ride malfunctioned and as a result two people felt from the raft. In all, there were four causalities (McKirdy, 2016). Their raft malfunctioned at about two oclock on Tuesday, with witnesses describing people running from the ride screaming. It was an unfortunate incident where the machine malfunctioned. The Queensland ambulance was fast enough to response and as a result few lives were saved. The theme park was closed immediately after this incidence (McKirdy, 2016). The Gold Coast Bulletin has reported that one of the rafts flipped on the conveyer belt, dragging two people underneath it. Analysis These sorts of issues are not new to Australian society. Along the course of history there are various incidences like this that have shattered the Australian society. There are various stakeholders involved in the issue and it would be interesting to study and analyze the issues from the perspective of various stakeholders. The stakeholders could be further divided into internal stakeholders and external stakeholders (Mazutis Slawinski, 2015). The internal stakeholders would be the immediate families of victims, the victims, the management of theme park, etc. The external stakeholders would be government, Australian citizens and society at large. Stakeholders Analysis The analysis for various internal and external stakeholders can be discussed as: Victim: It would be correct to say that the victims are the most important stakeholders in this incident. It is very unfortunate that some victims lost their lives. The victims who were injured were at the receiving end in this incidence. They can still feel the pain of this incidence. Families of these victims: It would be correct to say that families of the victims are also key stakeholders that were influenced by this incident (Nwagbara Reid, 2013). The families of the victims have to suffer a lot as victims are directly dependent on their family members. The park management: The management of the theme park is also one of the key internal stakeholders. It can be said that the management is ultimately responsible for this incidence as it was the duty of management to ensure that a safe environment could be provided to all the visitors (Wilson Post, 2013). The employees/ union of the theme park: It can be said that the employees of the theme park also an important stakeholder. Along with management, there exist some responsibilities for the employees also. Among all the employees, the onus lies on the maintenance department that was ultimately responsible to ensure that the ride is maintained. Business or Organization/ Dreamworld theme park: It is also important to analyze the issues from the perceptive of business. The business was shut down immediately after this incident. The loss was observed and it would be very difficult for Dreamworld theme park to overcome the loss. Moreover, the business also lost its trust and respect among the visitors, citizens and society at large. Local government: The local government of the Queensland is one of the most important external stakeholders. It can be said that the society would mostly look towards the government and analyze their action during any incidences (Wilson Post, 2013). The government ensured that the immediate help is provided to the victims and their family members. Media Public Relations: It can be said that media is an important pillar of democracy (Rydn Ringberg, 2015). The role of media is to ensure that the communication is transparent and the correct news is spread in the region. It appears that media was able to complete its responsibilities on time. There were various articles that were published in the local newspaper. These articles communicated the news effectively and ensured that the transparency is maintained. Australian citizens/ Society at large: These are the citizens that were not directly influenced by the incident. It can be said that the external citizens and society at large are the key external stakeholders in these types of incidences. The society should work with the media and government to ensure that a pressure is developed on the organization (Dreamworld theme park in this case). Media the Influence As stated above, media is an important pillar of democracy. It is important that media should present the issue as-it-is. It means that the media should not distort any facts. At the same time the media or the journalists should ensure that they report the issue without nay biasness. It appears that media was transparent in this incident. The various news channels and press agencies like Guardian, ABC News, were fast enough to respond. The media channels and news reporters visited the site and ensured that the information is communicated effectively. The good thing about the media reporting in this case was that the journalists or the reporters were not biased. The newspapers and reporters went ahead to even publish the photos of the victims. The media wanted to have an emotional connect with various internal and external stakeholders of this event. There are times when media may not be transparent and there are times when the media would use the biasness to report the issue. ONeil ( 2018) argued that the biasness of media is generally high when they have to report the political issue. This was a public issue and luckily there was not biasness involved. The political pressures and lobbying is one thing that can create biasness in the situation. However, it is expected that media would function beyond all these biasness. In fact, this is an ideal or desired state where the media functions without biasness. However, it is observed that in reality, it never happens. In this case also, the biasness was very limited or minimal for media. Possible outcome of the issue It would be correct to say that the issue influenced all the key internal and external stakeholders. The impact could be observed not only for the internal stakeholders but also for the external stakeholders. The major outcome for this issue was for the business. The business, Dreamworld theme park was shut down after this incident. It resulted in a lot of loss for the business. However, more than the monetary loss it was an issue of credibility for the organization. The people would never feel the same when they would visit Dreamworld theme park. It can be said that this incident has done irreparable damage on the operations of Dreamworld theme park. Another possible outcome could be observed for the citizens or public. After this incident, the people are cautious to visit the theme parks. It is observed that there is an environment of chaos and mistrust among the citizens. Though it can be said that the environment has improved in last 11 months. This event happened last year during October and it can be said that the month of November and December was most difficult. Typically, November and December are the festive months when the people spending are high towards the leisure activities like theme parks (Murray Wahlquist, 2016). However, due to these incident there was a dip in the overall revenue of leisure industry. Conclusion The above paper discusses the issue of Dreamworld theme park that happened last year when a ride malfunctioned and four people were dead. The paper discussed various internal and external stakeholders involved in the issue. The paper also discusses the role of media in this incident. With the above discussion it can be said that media has an important role to play in the incidences like these. This incident resulted in loss of business for Dreamworld theme park. At the same time, there was an environment of caution among the people and they did not want to risk their lives in the dangerous life. The good light in this incident was the role of media. The media was transparent enough to report the issue on time. It can be said that the media established a bridge between the society, organization and government. References Colleoni, E. (2013). CSR communication strategies for organizational legitimacy in social media.Corporate Communications: an international journal,18(2), 228-248. Mazutis, D. D., Slawinski, N. (2015). Reconnecting business and society: Perceptions of authenticity in corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,131(1), 137-150. McKirdy, E. (2016). Dreamworld accident: 2 children survive fatal theme park malfunction. Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/25/world/queensland-theme-park-fatalities/index.html Murray, W. Wahlquist, C. (2016). Dreamworld accident: four dead at Gold Coast theme park. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/oct/25/dreamworld-accident-gold-coast-theme-park Nwagbara, U., Reid, P. (2013). Corporate social responsibility communication in the age of new media: towards the logic of sustainability communication.Revista de Management Comparat International,14(3), 400. ONeil, J. (2018). People, Planet, Profits and Perception Politics: A Necessary Fourth (and Fifth) Bottom Line? Critiquing the Current Triple Bottom Line in the Australian Context. InThe Goals of Sustainable Development(pp. 19-42). Springer, Singapore. Rydn, P., Ringberg, T., Wilke, R. (2015). How Managers' Shared Mental Models of BusinessCustomer Interactions Create Different Sensemaking of Social Media.Journal of Interactive Marketing,31, 1-16. Wilson, F., Post, J. E. (2013). Business models for people, planet ( profits): exploring the phenomena of social business, a market-based approach to social value creation.Small Business Economics,40(3), 715-737.